The Third Backdoor: How the Pathologized Homosexuality.

This study argues that institutional psychiatry's pathologizing stance on homosexuality persisted after 1973, when the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from the . It persisted not only through the well-known diagnoses of "ego-dystonic homosexuality" and "gender identity disorder of childhood," but also through case studies published in four editions of the (1981, 1989, 1994, 2002), the APA publications advertised as a "learning companion to the ." These publications contained harmful and false homosexual stereotypes, associating gay men with child abuse, violence, and sexual sadism; associating homosexuality with mental disturbance while failing to similarly mark heterosexuality or bisexuality; associating psychopathology with gay social contexts while failing to similarly mark non-gay social contexts. This study provides evidence that the portrayed homosexual women and bisexuals as invisible, and homosexual men as narcissistic, predatory, and dangerous.