Department of Biological Sciences-Physiology, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
Department of Human & Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Al-Khoud, Muscat 123, Oman.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jul 13;22(14):7470. doi: 10.3390/ijms22147470.
Multiple myeloma (MM) is considered to be the second most common blood malignancy and it is characterized by abnormal proliferation and an accumulation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. Although the currently utilized markers in the diagnosis and assessment of MM are showing promising results, the incidence and mortality rate of the disease are still high. Therefore, exploring and developing better diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers have drawn global interest. In the present review, we highlight some of the recently reported and investigated novel biomarkers that have great potentials as diagnostic and/or prognostic tools in MM. These biomarkers include angiogenic markers, miRNAs as well as proteomic and immunological biomarkers. Moreover, we present some of the advanced methodologies that could be utilized in the early and competent diagnosis of MM. The present review also focuses on understanding the molecular concepts and pathways involved in these biomarkers in order to validate and efficiently utilize them. The present review may also help in identifying areas of improvement for better diagnosis and superior outcomes of MM.
多发性骨髓瘤（MM）被认为是第二常见的血液恶性肿瘤，其特征是骨髓中恶性浆细胞异常增殖和积累。尽管目前用于 MM 诊断和评估的标志物显示出有前景的结果，但该疾病的发病率和死亡率仍然很高。因此，探索和开发更好的诊断或预后生物标志物引起了全球关注。在本综述中，我们重点介绍了一些最近报道和研究的新型生物标志物，它们具有作为 MM 诊断和/或预后工具的巨大潜力。这些生物标志物包括血管生成标志物、miRNA 以及蛋白质组学和免疫学标志物。此外，我们还介绍了一些可用于 MM 早期和有效诊断的先进方法。本综述还侧重于理解这些生物标志物所涉及的分子概念和途径，以验证和有效地利用它们。本综述还可能有助于确定改进的领域，以实现更好的 MM 诊断和更好的结果。
