Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Veterinary Drugs, Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Berlin, Germany.
Toxicology. 2021 Aug;460:152872. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152872. Epub 2021 Jul 22.
The increasing number of tattooed persons urges the development of reliable test systems to assess tattoo associated risks. The alarming prevalence of 60 % phototoxic reactions in tattoos ask for a more comprehensive investigation of phototoxic reactions in tattooed skin. Here, we aimed to compare the cellular responses of human skin cells to ultraviolet (UV)A and UVB irradiation in doses of short to intermitted sun exposure (3-48 J/cm² and 0.05-5 J/cm², respectively) in the presence of tattoo pigments. Therefore, we used fibroblast monolayer culture (2D), our recently developed three dimensional full-thickness skin model with dermal-located tattoo pigments (TatS) and its dermal equivalents (TatS) that lack keratinocytes. We tested the most frequently used tattoo pigments carbon black, titanium dioxide (TiO) anatase and rutile as well as Pigment Orange (P.O.)13 in ranges from 0.067 to 2.7 ng/cell in 2D. For TatS and TatS, concentrations were 1.3 ng/cell for TiO, 0.67 ng/cell for P.O.13 and 0.067 ng/cell for carbon black. We assessed cell viability and cytokine release in all systems, and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) formation in TatS. Phototoxicity of tattoo pigments was exclusively observed in 2D, where especially TiO anatase induced phototoxic effects in all concentrations (0.067-2.7 ng/cell). In contrast, fibroblasts were protected from UV irradiation in TatS by TiO and carbon black. Neither toxic nor protective effects were recorded in TatS. P.O.13 showed altered cytokine secretion in 2D (0.067-1.3 ng/cell) and TatS despite the absence of significant effects on viability in all systems. All pigments reduced the number of CPDs in TatS compared to the pigment-free controls. In conclusion, our study shows that within a 3D arrangement, intradermal tattoo pigments may act photoprotective despite intrinsic phototoxic properties in 2D. Thus, dermal 3D equivalents should be considered to evaluate acute tattoo pigment toxicology.
越来越多的纹身人群促使开发可靠的测试系统来评估与纹身相关的风险。令人震惊的是，纹身中 60%的光毒性反应的流行率要求更全面地调查纹身皮肤中的光毒性反应。在这里，我们旨在比较人类皮肤细胞在存在纹身颜料的情况下对紫外线 (UV)A 和 UVB 辐射的细胞反应，剂量范围为短至间歇性阳光暴露（分别为 3-48 J/cm² 和 0.05-5 J/cm²）。因此，我们使用成纤维细胞单层培养（2D）、我们最近开发的具有位于真皮中的纹身颜料（TatS）的三维全层皮肤模型及其缺乏角质形成细胞的真皮等效物（TatS）。我们测试了最常用的纹身颜料炭黑、二氧化钛 (TiO) 锐钛矿和金红石以及颜料橙 (P.O.)13，浓度范围为 2D 中的 0.067 至 2.7 ng/细胞。对于 TatS 和 TatS，TiO 的浓度为 1.3 ng/细胞，P.O.13 为 0.67 ng/细胞，炭黑为 0.067 ng/细胞。我们评估了所有系统中的细胞活力和细胞因子释放，以及 TatS 中的环丁烷嘧啶二聚体 (CPD) 形成。仅在 2D 中观察到纹身颜料的光毒性，其中 TiO 锐钛矿在所有浓度（0.067-2.7 ng/细胞）下均诱导光毒性作用。相比之下，TiO 和炭黑在 TatS 中保护成纤维细胞免受紫外线照射。在 TatS 中未记录到毒性或保护作用。尽管在所有系统中对活力均无显着影响，但 P.O.13 在 2D（0.067-1.3 ng/细胞）和 TatS 中显示出细胞因子分泌改变。与无颜料对照相比，所有颜料均减少了 TatS 中的 CPD 数量。总之，我们的研究表明，在 3D 排列中，尽管在 2D 中具有内在的光毒性特性，但真皮内的纹身颜料可能具有光保护作用。因此，应考虑使用真皮 3D 等效物来评估急性纹身颜料毒理学。
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