Institute of Human Biology & Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznań, Poland.
Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v. v. i, Prague, Czech Republic.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2021 Oct;176(2):223-236. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24372. Epub 2021 Jul 26.
We aim to identify maternal genetic affinities between the Middle to Final Neolithic (3850-2300 BC) populations from present-day Poland and possible genetic influences from the Pontic steppe.
We conducted ancient DNA studies from populations associated with Złota, Globular Amphora, Funnel Beaker, and Corded Ware cultures (CWC). We sequenced genomic libraries on Illumina platform to generate 86 complete ancient mitochondrial genomes. Some of the samples were enriched for mitochondrial DNA using hybridization capture.
The maternal genetic composition found in Złota-associated individuals resembled that found in people associated with the Globular Amphora culture which indicates that both groups likely originated from the same maternal genetic background. Further, these two groups were closely related to the Funnel Beaker culture-associated population. None of these groups shared a close affinity to CWC-associated people. Haplogroup U4 was present only in the CWC group and absent in Złota group, Globular Amphora, and Funnel Beaker cultures.
The prevalence of mitochondrial haplogroups of Neolithic farmer origin identified in Early, Middle and Late Neolithic populations suggests a genetic continuity of these maternal lineages in the studied area. Although overlapping in time - and to some extent - in cultural expressions, none of the studied groups (Złota, Globular Amphora, Funnel Beaker), shared a close genetic affinity to CWC-associated people, indicating a larger extent of cultural influence from the Pontic steppe than genetic exchange. The higher frequency of haplogroup U5b found in populations associated with Funnel Beaker, Globular Amphora, and Złota cultures suggest a gradual maternal genetic influx from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. Moreover, presence of haplogroup U4 in Corded Ware groups is most likely associated with the migrations from the Pontic steppe at the end of the Neolithic and supports the observed genetic distances.
本研究旨在鉴定现今波兰地区从中石器时代末期至新石器时代晚期（公元前 3850 年至 2300 年）人群与来自 Pontic 草原的母系遗传亲缘关系。
本研究对与 Złota、Globular Amphora、Funnel Beaker 和 Corded Ware 文化相关的人群进行了古 DNA 研究。我们在 Illumina 平台上构建了基因组文库，生成了 86 个完整的古代线粒体基因组。部分样本通过杂交捕获进行了线粒体 DNA 富集。
Złota 相关个体的母系遗传构成与与 Globular Amphora 文化相关个体的遗传构成相似，表明这两个群体可能具有相同的母系遗传背景。此外，这两个群体与 Funnel Beaker 文化相关人群密切相关。这些群体与 CWC 相关人群没有密切的亲缘关系。CWC 相关人群中不存在的 haplogroup U4 仅存在于 CWC 组中，而在 Złota 组、Globular Amphora 和 Funnel Beaker 文化中均不存在。
新石器时代早期、中期和晚期人群中发现的新石器时代农民起源的线粒体单倍群的流行表明，在研究区域内这些母系谱系具有遗传连续性。尽管在时间上重叠（在某种程度上）且文化表现上存在重叠，但没有一个研究群体（Złota、Globular Amphora、Funnel Beaker）与 CWC 相关人群具有密切的遗传亲缘关系，这表明来自 Pontic 草原的文化影响大于遗传交换。与 Funnel Beaker、Globular Amphora 和 Złota 文化相关的人群中 haplogroup U5b 的较高频率表明，从中石器时代 hunter-gatherer 逐渐有母系遗传流入。此外，Corded Ware 群体中 haplogroup U4 的存在很可能与新石器时代末期来自 Pontic 草原的迁徙有关，这支持了观察到的遗传距离。
