Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore.
Int J Phytoremediation. 2022;24(5):536-556. doi: 10.1080/15226514.2021.1952925. Epub 2021 Aug 2.
This review analyses the account of biological (microalgae) and synthetic (bio-polymeric adsorbents) elements to compass the treatment efficiencies of various water pollutants and mechanisms behind them. While considering pollutant removal, both techniques have their own merits and demerits. Microalgal-based methods have been dominantly used as a biological method for pollutant removal. The main limitations of microalgal methods are capacity, scale, dependence on variables of environment and duration of the process. Biopolymers on the other hand are naturally produced, abundant in nature, environmentally safe and biocompatible with cells and many times biodegradable. Algal immobilization in biopolymers has promoted the reuse of cells for further treatment and protected cells from toxic environment monitoring and controlling the external factors like pH, temperature and salinity can promote the removal process while working with the mentioned technologies. In this review, a mechanistic view of both these techniques along with integrated approaches emphasizing on their loopholes and possibilities of improvement in these techniques is represented. In addition to these, the review also discusses the post-treatment effect on algal cells which are specifically dependent on pollutant type and their concentration. All these insights will aid in developing integrated solutions to improve removal efficiencies in an environmentally safe and cost-effective manner. The main objective of this review is to thoroughly understand the role of micro-algal cells and synthetic adsorbents individually as well as their integrative effect in the removal of pollutants from wastewater. Many reviews have been published containing information related to either removal mechanism by algae or synthetic adsorbents. While in this review we have discussed the agents, algae and synthetic adsorbents along with their limitations and explained how these limitations can be overcome with the integration of both the moieties together in process of immobilization. We have covered both the analytical and mechanistic parts of these technologies. Along with this, the post-treatment effects on algae have been discussed which can give us a critical understanding of algal response to pollutants and by-products obtained after treatment. This review contains three different sections, their importance and also explained how these technologies can be improved in the future aspects.
本综述分析了生物（微藻）和合成（生物聚合物吸附剂）元素的作用，以探讨各种水污染物的处理效率及其背后的机制。在考虑污染物去除时，这两种技术都有其自身的优点和缺点。基于微藻的方法主要被用作生物方法来去除污染物。微藻方法的主要局限性是容量、规模、对环境变量的依赖以及过程的持续时间。另一方面，生物聚合物是天然产生的，在自然界中丰富，对环境安全，与细胞生物相容，并且许多情况下可生物降解。藻细胞在生物聚合物中的固定化促进了细胞的再利用，以进行进一步的处理，并保护细胞免受有毒环境的影响，监测和控制 pH、温度和盐度等外部因素可以促进去除过程，同时使用上述技术。在本综述中，代表了这两种技术的机制观点，以及强调其漏洞和改进这些技术的可能性的综合方法。此外，本综述还讨论了对藻类细胞的后期处理效果，这主要取决于污染物的类型及其浓度。所有这些见解将有助于以环境安全和具有成本效益的方式开发综合解决方案，以提高去除效率。本综述的主要目的是深入了解微藻细胞和合成吸附剂各自的作用以及它们在去除废水中污染物方面的综合效果。已经发表了许多包含与藻类或合成吸附剂去除机制相关信息的综述。在本综述中，我们讨论了试剂、藻类和合成吸附剂及其局限性，并解释了如何通过在固定化过程中整合这两个部分来克服这些局限性。我们涵盖了这些技术的分析和机制部分。此外，还讨论了藻类的后期处理效果，这可以使我们深入了解藻类对污染物和处理后获得的副产物的反应。本综述包含三个不同的部分，说明了它们的重要性，并解释了如何在未来方面改进这些技术。
