São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Av. 24A, 1515. CEP: 13506-900, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Av. 24A, 1515. CEP: 13506-900, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021 Oct 15;223:112581. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112581. Epub 2021 Aug 2.
The increasing use of insecticides, promoted by the intensification of agriculture, has raised concerns about their influence on the decline of bee colonies, which play a fundamental role in pollination. Thus, it is fundamental to elucidate the effects of insecticides on bees. This study investigated the damage caused by a sublethal concentration of thiamethoxam - TMX (0.0227 ng/μL of feed) in the head and midgut of Africanized Apis mellifera, by analyzing the enzymatic biomarkers, oxidative stress, and occurrence of lipid peroxidation. The data showed that the insecticide increased acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), whereas carboxylesterase (CaE3) activity decreased in the heads. Our results indicate that the antioxidant enzymes were less active in the head because only glutathione peroxidase (GPX) showed alterations. In the midgut, there were no alkaline phosphatase (ALP) or superoxide dismutase (SOD) responses and a decrease in the activity of CaE was observed. Otherwise, there was an increase in GPX, and the TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) assay also showed differences in the midgut. The TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) assay also showed differences in the midgut. The results showed enzymes such as CaE3, GST, AChE, ALP, SOD, and GPX, as well as the TBARS assay, are useful biomarkers on bees. They may be used in combination as a promising tool for characterizing bee exposure to insecticides.
杀虫剂的使用日益增多，农业集约化的发展对此尤为关注，因为杀虫剂的使用可能导致蜜蜂数量减少，而蜜蜂在授粉过程中起着至关重要的作用。因此，阐明杀虫剂对蜜蜂的影响至关重要。本研究通过分析酶生物标志物、氧化应激和脂质过氧化的发生，调查了亚致死浓度噻虫嗪（TMX）（饲料中 0.0227ng/μL）对非洲化蜜蜂头部和中肠的损伤。结果表明，杀虫剂增加了乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（GST）的活性，而头部的羧酸酯酶（CaE3）活性降低。我们的结果表明，头部的抗氧化酶活性较低，因为只有谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX）发生了变化。在中肠，碱性磷酸酶（ALP）或超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）没有反应，CaE 的活性降低。相反，GPX 增加，TBARS（硫代巴比妥酸反应物质）测定也显示中肠有差异。结果表明，CaE3、GST、AChE、ALP、SOD 和 GPX 等酶以及 TBARS 测定可作为蜜蜂的有用生物标志物。它们可以联合使用，作为一种有前途的工具，用于描述蜜蜂接触杀虫剂的情况。
