Gursky D M, Reiss S
Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Chicago 60680.
J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1987 Dec;18(4):317-24. doi: 10.1016/0005-7916(87)90045-0.
The hypothesis was the common fears can be analyzed into separate factors for danger and anxiety expectancies. Six scales were constructed to measure danger and anxiety expectancies for the fears of flying, heights, and public speaking. The internal reliabilities of the scales were assessed in Study 1. The unreliable items were then deleted, and the revised scales were assessed in Study 2. The revised scales were found to have a satisfactory degree of internal consistency and test/retest reliability. For each fear, the items of the danger and anxiety expectancy scales were pooled and then submitted to a factor analysis. The danger and anxiety expectancy scales formed separate factors for each fear. The results were near-perfect; 51 of 53 items had factor loadings that were consistent with the distinction between danger and anxiety expectancies. It also was found that danger and anxiety expectancies are specific for each fear; that is, a person can have one fear that is danger-based and another that is anxiety-based. The findings have implications for understanding fears. Future research is suggested to test Reiss and McNally's (1985) hypothesis that desensitization might be more effective than credible placebo in the treatment of danger-based fear but that both desensitization and credible placebo are about equally effective in the treatment of anxiety-based fear.
该假设认为，常见恐惧可被分解为危险预期和焦虑预期的不同因素。构建了六个量表来测量对飞行、高处和公开演讲的恐惧的危险预期和焦虑预期。在研究1中评估了量表的内部信度。然后删除了不可靠的项目，并在研究2中对修订后的量表进行了评估。结果发现，修订后的量表具有令人满意的内部一致性程度和重测信度。对于每种恐惧，将危险预期和焦虑预期量表的项目合并，然后进行因子分析。危险预期和焦虑预期量表针对每种恐惧形成了不同的因素。结果近乎完美；53个项目中有51个的因子载荷与危险预期和焦虑预期之间的区别一致。还发现，危险预期和焦虑预期针对每种恐惧都是特定的；也就是说，一个人可能有一种基于危险的恐惧，另一种基于焦虑的恐惧。这些发现对理解恐惧具有启示意义。建议未来研究检验赖斯和麦克纳利（1985）的假设，即脱敏疗法在治疗基于危险的恐惧方面可能比可信安慰剂更有效，但脱敏疗法和可信安慰剂在治疗基于焦虑的恐惧方面效果大致相同。
