Belkaniia G S, Kurochkin Iu N, Rakhmanov A S, Simavonian K V, Dartsmeliia V A
Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med. 1987 Nov-Dec;21(6):50-4.
Using lower primates (rhesus-monkeys) who were experimentally transformed to bipeds, we examined morphological signs of their musculo-skeletal adaptation to the upright walking pattern. It was found that the bipeds developed typical characteristics of the upright posture: complete erectness of the torso and legs and noticeable enhancement of lumbar lordosis. The maximum deviation of the lumbar arch in the bipeds (10.0 +/- 0.8 mm) was significantly greater than in the controls (1.5 +/- 0.5 mm). This was accompanied by distinct hypertrophy of leg muscles, primarily extensors, and increased mineral density of the tibia (by 38%), fibula (by 14%) and metatarsus (by 23%). This was also followed by slight hypotrophy of biceps and triceps muscles and the large muscle of the thorax. Forearm muscles and bone mineral content were unchanged. The data obtained give evidence that the genetic program of orthograde statics and erect posture which is typical of the entire primate order can find phenotypical realization in lower primates.
我们使用经过实验转化为双足动物的低等灵长类动物（恒河猴），研究了它们的肌肉骨骼适应直立行走模式的形态学特征。结果发现，双足动物呈现出直立姿势的典型特征：躯干和腿部完全挺直，腰椎前凸明显增强。双足动物腰椎弓的最大偏差（10.0±0.8毫米）显著大于对照组（1.5±0.5毫米）。与此同时，腿部肌肉，主要是伸肌，明显肥大，胫骨（增加38%）、腓骨（增加14%）和跖骨（增加23%）的矿物质密度增加。随后，二头肌、三头肌和胸部大肌肉出现轻微萎缩。前臂肌肉和骨矿物质含量没有变化。所获得的数据表明，整个灵长目典型的直立静态和直立姿势的遗传程序可以在低等灵长类动物中实现表型表达。
