Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.
Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2021 Sep;20(5):4931-4949. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12817. Epub 2021 Aug 10.
N-epsilon-carboxymethyllysine (CML), as a potential glycotoxin and general marker for dietary advanced glycation end products (dAGEs), exists in raw food and is formed via various formation routes in food processing such as Maillard reaction between the reducing sugars and amino acids. Although comprehensive cause-effect proof is not available yet, current research suggests a potential risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes is associated with exogenous CML. Thus, CML is causing public health concerns regarding its dietary exposure, but there is a lack of explicit guidance for understanding if it is detrimental to human health. In this review, inconsistent results of dietary CML contributed to chronic disease are discussed, available concentrations of CML in consumed foods are evaluated, measurements for dietary CML and relevant analytic procedures are listed, and the possible mitigation strategies for protecting against CML formation are presented. Finally, the main challenges and future efforts are highlighted. Further studies are needed to extend the dietary CML database in a wide category of foods, apply new identifying methods, elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms, assess its detrimental role in human health, and propose standard guidelines for processed food.
N-ε-羧甲基赖氨酸（CML）作为一种潜在的糖基化毒素和膳食晚期糖基化终产物（dAGEs）的通用标志物，存在于未加工的食物中，并通过食品加工过程中的各种形成途径形成，如还原糖和氨基酸之间的美拉德反应。尽管目前还没有全面的因果关系证据，但现有研究表明，外源性 CML 与糖尿病等慢性疾病的潜在风险相关。因此，CML 因其膳食暴露而引起公众对健康的关注，但对于其是否对人类健康有害，缺乏明确的理解指导。在这篇综述中，讨论了膳食 CML 对慢性疾病的不一致影响，评估了摄入食物中的 CML 含量，列出了膳食 CML 的测量方法和相关分析程序，并提出了防止 CML 形成的可能缓解策略。最后，强调了主要的挑战和未来的努力方向。需要进一步的研究来扩展广泛类别食物中的膳食 CML 数据库，应用新的鉴定方法，阐明发病机制，评估其对人类健康的有害作用，并为加工食品制定标准指南。
