Bayer AG, CropScience Division, Monheim, Germany.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2022 May;18(3):734-747. doi: 10.1002/ieam.4510. Epub 2021 Sep 16.
A comprehensive multiyear monitoring program was conducted to assess the exposure, effects, and long-term risk of the fungicide bixafen to earthworms in cereal fields. The realistic exposure of bixafen in soil was assessed at 10 representative field sites in Germany after a period of up to 8 years of use with five different products containing bixafen, followed by annual measurements from 2017 to 2019. The measured exposure concentrations were compared with modeled predicted environmental concentrations in soil (PECsoil) that are derived in the context of the European risk assessment of plant protection products. It was shown that the model assumptions, in particular the kinetic parameters describing the background accumulation, provided a conservative description of the observed residue data. This demonstrates that the exposure modeling tools are adequate for use in soil risk assessment. Laboratory and field ecotoxicological studies were performed to provide a comprehensive risk assessment on the long-term use of bixafen-based fungicides in cereals. While a laboratory reproduction study with the earthworm Eisenia fetida indicated a potential risk at the Tier 1 risk assessment for the end-use product Skyway XPro , a 2.5-year field study showed no unacceptable long-term effects on natural earthworm populations. The exposure in this study exceeded the maximum recommended field rate of Skyway XPro by a factor of 3 and the maximum measured bixafen concentrations from exposure monitoring study by a factor of 5.2. Hence, an acceptable long-term risk of bixafen-based cereal fungicides is concluded for earthworms. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:734-747. © 2021 Bayer AG. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
开展了一项综合性的多年监测计划，以评估杀菌剂双炔酰菌胺在谷物田中对蚯蚓的暴露、影响和长期风险。在使用含有双炔酰菌胺的五种不同产品长达 8 年之后，在德国 10 个具有代表性的田间地点评估了土壤中双炔酰菌胺的实际暴露情况，随后在 2017 年至 2019 年进行了年度测量。将测量的暴露浓度与土壤中预测的环境浓度（PECsoil）进行了比较，这些浓度是在对植物保护产品进行欧洲风险评估的背景下得出的。结果表明，模型假设，特别是描述背景积累的动力学参数，对观察到的残留数据进行了保守描述。这表明暴露建模工具适用于土壤风险评估。进行了实验室和田间生态毒理学研究，以对长期使用基于双炔酰菌胺的杀菌剂在谷物中的情况进行综合风险评估。虽然用赤子爱胜蚓进行的实验室重现研究表明，在 Tier 1 风险评估中，最终用途产品 Skyway XPro 存在潜在风险，但一项为期 2.5 年的田间研究表明，天然蚯蚓种群没有出现不可接受的长期影响。本研究中的暴露水平超过了 Skyway XPro 的最大推荐田间施用量的 3 倍，也超过了暴露监测研究中测量到的最大双炔酰菌胺浓度的 5.2 倍。因此，结论是基于双炔酰菌胺的谷物杀菌剂对蚯蚓具有可接受的长期风险。《综合环境评估与管理》2022；18：734-747。©2021 拜耳公司。《综合环境评估与管理》由 Wiley 期刊出版公司代表环境毒理化学学会（SETAC）出版。
