Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Jan;29(3):4145-4158. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-15631-6. Epub 2021 Aug 17.
In India, Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) is becoming the hotspot of air pollution due to increasing anthropogenic activities such as rapid industrial growth, infrastructure development, transportation activities, and seasonal practice of crop residue burning. In the current study, seasonal variation in ambient air quality for 14 parameters, i.e., particulate matter (PM), trace gases, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), along with meteorological parameters, was studied in 21 districts of the Haryana state for year 2019, situated in IGP. To analyze spatial variation of pollutants, ambient air quality data of 23 continuous ambient air quality monitoring stations were divided into three zones based on ecology and cropping pattern. All the zones showed annual mean PM and PM concentrations much higher than national ambient air quality standards. Annual mean PM concentration (±standard deviation) in Zones-1, 2, and 3 was 156±86, 174±93, and 143±74 μg m, whereas for PM was 71±44, 85±54, and 78±47 μg m. The results showed a considerable seasonal variation in the concentration of all pollutants. Most of the pollutants peak in the post-monsoon season, followed by winters in which crop residue burning predominates in many parts of the Haryana. PM concentrations increased by 65-112% and PM concentrations increased by 131-147% in the post-monsoon season compared to monsoons. The post-monsoon season showed the highest concentration of PM, NO, and toluene (Zone-1); and PM, NH, CO, and benzene (Zone-2); whereas in winters, SO (Zone-1); ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, and xylene (Zone-2); and NO and NOx (Zone-3) showed the maximum pollution levels. The O concentration was highest in the pre-monsoon season (Zone-1). The satellite-based fire counts and PCA results show a significant influence of crop residue burning in the post-monsoon season and solid biomass burning in winters on Haryana's air quality. The study could help to understand seasonal variation in ambient air quality and the influence of factors such as crop residue burning in the IGP region, which could help to formulate season-specific control measures to improve regional air quality.
在印度，由于人为活动的增加，如快速的工业增长、基础设施发展、交通活动和季节性的作物残茬燃烧，印度恒河平原（IGP）正成为空气污染的热点地区。在当前的研究中，对位于 IGP 的哈里亚纳邦 21 个地区 2019 年的环境空气质量进行了 14 个参数（颗粒物（PM）、痕量气体和挥发性有机化合物（VOCs））的季节性变化以及气象参数的研究。为了分析污染物的空间变化，根据生态和种植模式将 23 个连续环境空气质量监测站的空气质量数据分为三个区域。所有区域的年平均 PM 和 PM 浓度均远高于国家环境空气质量标准。区域 1、2 和 3 的年平均 PM 浓度（±标准偏差）分别为 156±86、174±93 和 143±74μg/m，而 PM 浓度分别为 71±44、85±54 和 78±47μg/m。结果表明，所有污染物的浓度都有明显的季节性变化。大部分污染物在季风后季节达到峰值，随后是冬季，此时在哈里亚纳邦的许多地区都盛行作物残茬燃烧。与季风相比，季风后季节的 PM 浓度增加了 65-112%，PM 浓度增加了 131-147%。季风后季节的 PM、NO 和甲苯（区域 1）；PM、NH、CO 和苯（区域 2）浓度最高；而冬季的 SO（区域 1）；乙苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯和二甲苯（区域 2）；以及 NO 和 NOx（区域 3）显示出最大的污染水平。前季风季节的 O 浓度最高（区域 1）。基于卫星的火灾计数和 PCA 结果表明，季风后季节的作物残茬燃烧和冬季的固体生物质燃烧对哈里亚纳邦的空气质量有显著影响。该研究有助于了解 IGP 地区环境空气质量的季节性变化以及作物残茬燃烧等因素的影响，这有助于制定针对特定季节的控制措施以改善区域空气质量。
