Armamentarium to treat primary vesicoureteral reflux in children.

Primary vesicoureteral reflux often spontaneously resolves in children. However, in select patients, untreated reflux can contribute to recurrent pyelonephritis leading to irreversible renal damage. Management is therefore based on a given child's likelihood of recurrent urinary tract infections and risk of subsequent renal parenchymal injury. Therapeutic options for urinary reflux are diverse, ranging from observation with or without continuous low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis to a variety of operative interventions.