Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
Hum Factors. 2023 Aug;65(5):942-955. doi: 10.1177/00187208211039102. Epub 2021 Aug 26.
We conducted a driving simulator study to investigate scanning and hazard detection before entering an intersection.
Insufficient scanning has been suggested as a factor contributing to intersection crashes. However, little is known about the relative importance of the head and eye movement components of that scanning in peripheral hazard detection.
Eleven older (mean 67 years) and 18 younger (mean 27 years) current drivers drove in a simulator while their head and eye movements were tracked. They completed two city drives (42 intersections per drive) with motorcycle hazards appearing at 16 four-way intersections per drive.
Older subjects missed more hazards (10.2% vs. 5.2%). Failing to make a scan with a substantial head movement was the primary reason for missed hazards. When hazards were detected, older drivers had longer RTs (2.6s vs. 2.3s), but drove more slowly; thus, safe response rates did not differ between the two groups (older 83%; younger 82%). Safe responses were associated with larger (28.8° vs. 20.6°) and more numerous (9.4 vs. 6.6) gaze scans. Scans containing a head movement were stronger predictors of safe responses than scans containing only eye movements.
Our results highlight the importance of making large scans with a substantial head movement before entering an intersection. Eye-only scans played little role in detection and safe responses to peripheral hazards.
Driver training programs should address the importance of making large scans with a substantial head movement entering an intersection.
我们进行了一项驾驶模拟器研究，以调查进入交叉口前的扫视和危险探测。
有研究表明，扫视不足是导致交叉口事故的一个因素。然而，对于扫视过程中头部和眼部运动成分在周边危险探测中的相对重要性，人们知之甚少。
11 名年龄较大（平均 67 岁）和 18 名年龄较小（平均 27 岁）的当前驾驶员在模拟器中驾驶，同时跟踪他们的头部和眼部运动。他们完成了两次城市驾驶（每次驾驶 42 个交叉口），每次驾驶中有 16 个四路交叉口出现摩托车危险。
年龄较大的受试者错过的危险更多（10.2%比 5.2%）。未能进行大幅度头部运动的扫视是错过危险的主要原因。当检测到危险时，年龄较大的驾驶员反应时间较长（2.6 秒比 2.3 秒），但驾驶速度较慢；因此，两组的安全反应率没有差异（年龄较大的组为 83%，年龄较小的组为 82%）。安全反应与更大（28.8°比 20.6°）和更多（9.4 比 6.6）的注视扫视有关。包含头部运动的扫视比仅包含眼部运动的扫视更能预测安全反应。
我们的研究结果强调了在进入交叉口前进行大角度、大幅度头部运动扫视的重要性。仅进行眼部扫视在检测和对周边危险做出安全反应方面作用不大。
驾驶员培训计划应强调在进入交叉口前进行大角度、大幅度头部运动扫视的重要性。
