Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC). Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC). Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
Chemosphere. 2022 Jan;286(Pt 3):131940. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131940. Epub 2021 Aug 18.
The aim of the present study was to assess the presence of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), namely perfluoroalkane sulfonates and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, in Spanish river basins in order to: identify potential spatiotemporal variations; evaluate the effectiveness of the measures implemented for the reduction/elimination of these pollutants; verify the fulfillment of the Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) in the European Union. PFOS and PFOA were determined in 116 water samples from four sites in the Duero basin, the largest in the Iberian Peninsula, collected seasonally from 2013 to 2020. In addition, 30 fish sample composites from the sample banks of Duero, Tagus, Ebro, Eastern Cantabrian and Catalonian basins were analyzed for 15 PFAAs. Median PFOS and PFOA concentrations were 0.72 and 0.42 ng/L, ranging from values below the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 81 and 22 ng/L, respectively. During the studied period, 51% of water samples were above the EQS of 0.65 ng/L for PFOS. In the case of fish, the PFOS range was <LOQ-59 with 33% of the samples above the EQS of 9.1 ng/g wet weight. Moreover, fish from the Tagus and Catalonian basins showed median concentrations above the EQS. Particularly, fish collected around highly populated areas such as Madrid and Barcelona showed the greatest PFAA concentrations. Overall, PFAA concentrations in water and fish increased significantly with population density suggesting urban areas as their main source. Although our results suggested decreasing tendencies for PFOS and PFOA in water, significant trends only could be confirmed at two sampling sites.
本研究的目的是评估西班牙河流流域中全氟烷基酸（PFAAs）的存在情况，即全氟烷磺酸和全氟烷基羧酸，以：识别潜在的时空变化；评估为减少/消除这些污染物而实施的措施的有效性；验证欧盟环境质量标准（EQS）的达标情况。在 2013 年至 2020 年期间，从伊比利亚半岛最大的杜罗河流域的四个地点采集了 116 个水样，测定了其中的全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）和全氟辛酸（PFOA）。此外，还分析了来自杜罗、塔古斯、埃布罗、坎塔布连东部和加泰罗尼亚流域样本库的 30 个鱼类样本组合，共检测了 15 种 PFAAs。PFOS 和 PFOA 的中位数浓度分别为 0.72 和 0.42ng/L，范围从低于定量下限（LOQ）到 81 和 22ng/L。在研究期间，51%的水样中 PFOS 超过 0.65ng/L 的 EQS。在鱼类方面，PFOS 的范围为<LOQ-59，有 33%的样本超过 9.1ng/g 湿重的 EQS。此外，来自塔古斯河和加泰罗尼亚流域的鱼类的浓度中位数高于 EQS。特别是在马德里和巴塞罗那等人口稠密地区周围采集的鱼类，其 PFAAs 浓度最高。总体而言，水和鱼类中的 PFAA 浓度与人口密度呈显著正相关，表明城市地区是其主要来源。尽管我们的研究结果表明水中 PFOS 和 PFOA 呈下降趋势，但仅在两个采样点证实了显著的趋势。
