School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom.
Adv Pharmacol. 2021;92:485-520. doi: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.04.006. Epub 2021 Jul 28.
Many hundreds of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been measured as entering human breast tissue from a range of environmental sources, and this review focuses on discussion of mechanisms by which such EDCs may be contributing to the globally rising incidence of breast cancer. Many of the distinguishing features of breast cancer may be accounted for by EDC exposure, including, but not limited to, the fact that many EDCs possess estrogenic activity and exposure to estrogen is a main risk factor for breast cancer. Studies of the actions of EDCs in human breast cancer cells are aided by use of the conceptual framework of the hallmarks of cancer, and, acting by a variety of genomic and nongenomic mechanisms, EDCs have now been shown to enable all the hallmarks of cancer to develop in human breast cancer cells. Many studies report that hallmarks can develop at concentrations which are within the range of those measured in human breast tissues, especially when added as mixtures. The varied levels of different EDCs measured in individual breast tissue samples together with the overlapping and complementary mechanisms of action of the EDCs imply that thematic mechanisms will be driven inevitably by different chemical mixtures. Despite the complexity, EDCs do need to now be acknowledged as a risk factor for breast cancer in order for preventative strategies to include reduction in EDC exposure.
已经有数百种内分泌干扰化学物质（EDCs）被检测到从各种环境来源进入人体乳腺组织，本综述重点讨论了这些 EDC 可能导致全球乳腺癌发病率上升的机制。许多乳腺癌的独特特征可以归因于 EDC 暴露，包括但不限于许多 EDC 具有雌激素活性，而暴露于雌激素是乳腺癌的主要风险因素。人类乳腺癌细胞中 EDC 作用的研究得益于癌症特征概念框架的应用，并且 EDC 通过各种基因组和非基因组机制，现已被证明能够使人类乳腺癌细胞中所有癌症特征得以发展。许多研究报告表明，在浓度范围内，这些浓度可以在人类乳腺组织中测量到，尤其是作为混合物添加时。在个别乳腺组织样本中测量的不同 EDC 水平以及 EDC 的重叠和互补作用机制意味着主题机制将不可避免地受到不同化学混合物的驱动。尽管存在复杂性，但 EDC 现在确实需要被视为乳腺癌的风险因素，以便将减少 EDC 暴露纳入预防策略。
