Khan Asif, Naeem Muhammad, Bilal Muhammad, Khan Abbas, Subhan Fazle, Ikram Muhammad, Shah Muhammad Ishaq Ali, Ullah Saleem, Ullah Asmat, Ullah Atta
Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, KPK, Pakistan.
Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
Environ Monit Assess. 2021 Aug 30;193(9):610. doi: 10.1007/s10661-021-09370-x.
Good-quality water and food are the basic needs of humans, plants, and animals. Polluted groundwater and soil directly and indirectly affect organisms, which is the main environmental concern. In the current study, standard protocols of atomic absorption spectrometry were adopted for the investigation of selected metals (lead, chromium, and iron) in the collected groundwater and soil samples. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) applied to groundwater and soil samples shows a positive perfect correlation among water parameters (conductivity and total dissolved solids) in all three sources. In the hand pump samples between water table (WT) and water source depth (WSD), Pearson correlation coefficient (r) value was found (r = 0.87) while between EC and TDS, it was r = 1. Similarly, in the bore hole samples between WT and WSD (r = 0.66), EC and TDS (r = 1), EC and Cr (r = 0.70), and TDS and Cr (r = 0.70), which showed weaker correlation. In the tube well samples, correlation between EC and TDS was high (r = 1). The correlation coefficient (r) values of the soil parameters in the hand pump (soil) samples between Fe and Cr (r = 0.86), in bore hole samples between Fe and Cr (r = 0.77), in tube well samples between Fe and Cr (r = 0.69), while all the other parameter correlations were found lower (r = 0.60). Between electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids, high relation has been observed between them (r = 1). Overall, results showed that in most of the studied samples, contents of the target metals were found above the allowable limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).
优质的水和食物是人类、植物和动物的基本需求。受污染的地下水和土壤直接或间接地影响生物，这是主要的环境问题。在当前研究中，采用原子吸收光谱法的标准方案来调查采集的地下水和土壤样品中的特定金属（铅、铬和铁）。应用于地下水和土壤样品的皮尔逊相关系数（r）表明，所有三种水源的水参数（电导率和总溶解固体）之间存在完全正相关。在手压泵样品中，地下水位（WT）和水源深度（WSD）之间的皮尔逊相关系数（r）值为（r = 0.87），而电导率（EC）和总溶解固体（TDS）之间的r值为1。同样，在钻孔样品中，WT和WSD之间（r = 0.66）、EC和TDS之间（r = 1）、EC和Cr之间（r = 0.70）以及TDS和Cr之间（r = 0.70），相关性较弱。在管井样品中，EC和TDS之间的相关性很高（r = 1）。手压泵（土壤）样品中土壤参数的相关系数（r）值，铁和铬之间为（r = 0.86），钻孔样品中铁和铬之间为（r = 0.77），管井样品中铁和铬之间为（r = 0.69），而所有其他参数的相关性较低（r = 0.60）。在电导率和总溶解固体之间，观察到它们之间存在高度相关性（r = 1）。总体而言，结果表明，在大多数研究样品中，目标金属的含量超过了世界卫生组织（WHO）和美国环境保护局（USEPA）设定的允许限值。
