Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades y Una Salud, Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA.
Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022 Jul;69(4):e344-e355. doi: 10.1111/tbed.14307. Epub 2021 Sep 12.
The current COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for zoonotic infectious disease surveillance. Avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a significant threat to animal and public health due to its pandemic potential. Virus-contaminated water has been suggested as an important AIV spread mechanism among multiple species. Nevertheless, few studies have characterized the global AIV subtype diversity and distribution in environmental water. Therefore, this study aims to provide an updated descriptive and phylogenetic analysis of AIVs isolated in water samples from high risk-sites for influenza outbreaks (i.e. live bird markets, poultry farms, and wild bird habitats) on a global scale. The descriptive analysis evidenced that 21 subtypes were reported from nine countries between 2003 and 2020. Fourteen AIV subtypes were solely reported from Asian countries. Most of the viral sequences were obtained in China and Bangladesh with 47.44% and 23.93%, respectively. Likewise, the greatest global AIV subtype diversity was observed in China with 12 subtypes. Live bird markets represented the main sampling site for AIV detection in water samples (64.1%), mostly from poultry cage water. Nevertheless, the highest subtype diversity was observed in water samples from wild bird habitats, especially from the Izumi plain and the Dongting Lake located in Japan and China, respectively. Water from drinking poultry troughs evidenced the greatest subtype diversity in live bird markets; meanwhile, environmental water used by ducks had the highest number of different subtypes in poultry farms. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes showed that some sequences were closely related among different poultry/wild bird-related environments from different geographic origins. Therefore, the results suggest that even though the availability of gene sequences in public-access databases varies greatly among countries, environmental AIV surveillance represents a useful tool to elucidate potential viral diversity in wild and domestic bird populations.
当前的 COVID-19 大流行凸显了对人畜共患传染病监测的需求。禽流感病毒（AIV）由于其大流行潜力，对动物和公共卫生构成重大威胁。病毒污染的水已被认为是多种物种中 AIV 传播的重要机制。然而，很少有研究描述和分析环境水中的全球 AIV 亚型多样性和分布。因此，本研究旨在提供全球范围内高流感暴发风险地点（即活禽市场、家禽养殖场和野生鸟类栖息地）的水样中分离的 AIV 的最新描述性和系统发育分析。描述性分析表明，2003 年至 2020 年期间，有九个国家报告了 21 种亚型。只有亚洲国家报告了 14 种 AIV 亚型。大多数病毒序列是在中国和孟加拉国获得的，分别占 47.44%和 23.93%。同样，中国的 AIV 亚型多样性最大，有 12 种亚型。活禽市场是水样中 AIV 检测的主要采样点（64.1%），主要来自家禽笼水。然而，野生鸟类栖息地的水样中观察到最大的亚型多样性，特别是日本的泉平和中国的洞庭湖。活禽市场中来自饮水家禽水槽的水显示出最大的亚型多样性；同时，家禽养殖场中鸭子使用的环境水具有最多不同的亚型。血凝素（HA）和神经氨酸酶（NA）基因的最大似然系统发育树表明，不同地理起源的不同家禽/野生鸟类相关环境中的一些序列密切相关。因此，结果表明，即使各国公共访问数据库中基因序列的可用性差异很大，但环境 AIV 监测是阐明野生和家禽鸟类种群中潜在病毒多样性的有用工具。
