Genecology Research Centre, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, QLD, 4558, Australia.
Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Jan;29(5):7170-7184. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-16236-9. Epub 2021 Sep 1.
Biochar compound fertilisers (BCFs) are an emerging technology that combine biochar with nutrients, clays and minerals and can be formulated to address specific issues in soil-plant systems. However, knowledge of BCF performance over consecutive crops and without re-application is limited. This study aims to assess the residual effect of organic BCFs soil-plant nutrient cycling 2 years after application and without additional fertiliser inputs. We applied BCFs and biochar with organic fertiliser amendments and established a crop of ginger and a second crop of turmeric (Curcuma longa) without re-application or additional fertilisation. All treatment formulations included bamboo-biochar and organic fertiliser amendments; however, two novel BCFs were formulated to promote agronomic response in an intensive cropping system. We report here on the effect of treatments on soil and plant macronutrient and micronutrient cycling and turmeric growth, biomass and yield at harvest. Both BCFs (enriched (10 t ha) and organo-mineral biochar (8.6 t ha) increased foliar K (+155% and +120%) and decreased foliar Mg (-20% and -19%) concentration compared with all other treatments, suggesting antagonism between K and Mg. Plants were limited for K, P and B at harvest but not N, Ca or Mg. Foliar K was dependent on the biochar formulation rather than the rate of application. Biochar-clay aggregates increased K retention and cycling in the soil solution 2 years after application. Clay blended BCFs reduced K limitation in turmeric compared to biochar co-applied with organic amendments, suggesting these blends can be used to manage organic K nutrition. All formulations and rates of biochar increased leaf biomass and shoot-to-root ratio. Novel BCFs should be considered as an alternative to co-applying biochar with organic fertiliser amendments to decrease application rates and increase economic feasibility for farmers. Applying BCFs without re-application or supplementary fertiliser did not provide sufficient K or P reserves in the second year for consecutive cropping. Therefore, supplementary fertilisation is recommended to avoid nutrient deficiency and reduced yield for consecutive organic rhizome crops.
生物炭复合肥料（BCFs）是一种新兴技术，它将生物炭与养分、粘土和矿物质结合在一起，并可以进行配方设计，以解决土壤-植物系统中的特定问题。然而，关于 BCF 在连续作物中的表现以及不进行再施肥的情况下的知识是有限的。本研究旨在评估有机 BCF 土壤-植物养分循环在施用后 2 年内的残留效果，且不进行额外施肥。我们应用 BCF 与有机肥料改良剂，并在不进行再施肥或额外施肥的情况下种植了姜和第二茬姜黄（Curcuma longa）。所有处理配方均包含竹炭生物炭和有机肥料改良剂；然而，为了在集约化种植系统中促进农业响应，我们还配制了两种新型 BCF。我们在此报告处理方法对土壤和植物大量和微量元素循环以及姜黄生长、生物量和收获产量的影响。与所有其他处理相比，两种 BCF（富化（10 t ha）和有机-矿物生物炭（8.6 t ha））均增加了叶片钾（增加了 155%和 120%），并减少了叶片镁（减少了 20%和 19%）浓度，这表明钾和镁之间存在拮抗作用。植物在收获时受到钾、磷和硼的限制，但不受氮、钙或镁的限制。叶片钾依赖于生物炭配方而不是应用率。生物炭-粘土聚集体在施用后 2 年内增加了土壤溶液中钾的保留和循环。与与有机肥料改良剂共同施用的生物炭相比，粘土混合 BCF 减少了姜黄中的钾限制，这表明这些混合物可用于管理有机钾营养。所有配方和生物炭的应用率均增加了叶片生物量和根冠比。新型 BCF 应被视为与有机肥料改良剂共同应用生物炭的替代方法，以降低应用率并提高农民的经济可行性。不进行再施肥或补充施肥，第二年连续种植时不会为连续有机根茎作物提供足够的钾或磷储备。因此，建议进行补充施肥，以避免连续有机根茎作物因营养缺乏和产量降低而减产。
