Arma dei Carabinieri, Reparto Investigazioni Scientifiche di Parma, Parco Ducale 3, 43125 Parma, Italy.
Arma dei Carabinieri, Reparto Investigazioni Scientifiche di Parma, Parco Ducale 3, 43125 Parma, Italy.
Forensic Sci Int. 2021 Oct;327:110985. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110985. Epub 2021 Aug 28.
According to the active ASTM E1588-20 Standard Practice for Gunshot Residue (GSR) Analysis, particles from lead-based primers classified as "characteristic of GSR" will have the chemical composition lead/antimony/barium. Further elements allowed to be incorporated into GSR are explicitly listed in the ASTM guideline. Fluorine is not considered a possible additional element as no common sources of F in shooting related activities have ever been documented. Moreover, presence of fluorine was demonstrated in GSR-similar particles produced by airbag deployments and the possibility to use F as a chemical marker to exclude any discharging of a firearm was consequently suggested. In authors' case work experience, fluorine containing particles were found on stubs collected from victims' clothes, discharged firearms and shooters' hands. Adopting a "case by case" approach, a firearm-related fluorine origin was then sought. Fluorine-based protective lubricants, used both for guns and ammunition components, were experimentally confirmed as a possible source of F in GSR.
根据现行的 ASTM E1588-20 号枪击残留物（GSR）分析标准实施规程，被归类为“GSR 特征”的源于含铅底火的颗粒，其化学成分将含有铅/锑/钡。ASTM 指南中明确列出了允许纳入 GSR 的其他元素。氟并未被认为是一种可能的附加元素，因为在与射击相关的活动中从未记录过氟的常见来源。此外，在气囊展开产生的与 GSR 相似的颗粒中发现了氟的存在，因此提出了使用 F 作为化学标记物来排除任何枪支发射的可能性。在作者的案例工作经验中，在从受害者衣物、已发射枪支和射击者手上采集的残留物上发现了含氟颗粒。然后，采用“逐个案例”的方法，寻找与枪支有关的氟起源。实验证实，用于枪支和弹药部件的含氟防护润滑剂是 GSR 中 F 的可能来源。
