Moreno-Manso Juan Manuel, García-Baamonde M ª Elena, Guerrero-Barona Eloísa, Godoy-Merino M ª José, Guerrero-Molina Mónica, Barbosa-Torres Carlos
Department of Psychology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
Department of Educational Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
Front Psychol. 2021 Aug 19;12:716489. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.716489. eCollection 2021.
This research studies the executive processes of youths under protective measures between 13 and 18years of age, as well as the emotional problems they have and the presence of behavioural problems, such as difficulties to control and direct attention, to control one's own behaviour and inhibit inadequate or ineffective responses (hyperactivity-impulsiveness) and problems related to emotional regulation. In addition, we study the presence of significant differences according to the sex of the youths. We also analyse to what extent the difficulties in the executive processes are related to and can predict the emotional and behavioural problems. The instruments used were Stroop's Colour and Word Test (Stroop), the Paths Test (TESen), and the System of Evaluation for Children and Adolescents (SENA). The results indicated that the youths had difficulties in such executive processes as execution, speed, and accuracy in carrying out tasks. Furthermore, they had emotion problems, amongst which the symptoms of anxiety are worthy of note; whilst attention deficit, hyperactivity-impulsiveness, and problems related to emotional regulation could also be observed. The data indicated greater difficulties in the executive processes for males than for females. There was a greater emotional symptomatology in the females, whilst there were greater deficits in attention and hyperactivity/impulsiveness in the males. Similarly, the deficits in the executive processes were related to and predicted emotional and behavioural problems. This research suggests the design of a structured programme focused on systematic training in real, daily situations, recommending the use of restorative techniques to work on the affected cognitive skills and techniques aimed at improving the youths' emotion regulation.
本研究考察了13至18岁处于保护措施之下的青少年的执行过程，以及他们存在的情绪问题和行为问题，比如控制和引导注意力困难、控制自身行为以及抑制不适当或无效反应（多动-冲动）的困难，还有与情绪调节相关的问题。此外，我们研究了青少年性别方面的显著差异。我们还分析了执行过程中的困难在多大程度上与情绪和行为问题相关并能够预测这些问题。所使用的工具包括斯特鲁普颜色与文字测验（Stroop）、路径测验（TESen）以及儿童青少年评估系统（SENA）。结果表明，青少年在执行任务的执行、速度和准确性等执行过程方面存在困难。此外，他们存在情绪问题，其中焦虑症状值得关注；同时也能观察到注意力缺陷、多动-冲动以及与情绪调节相关的问题。数据表明，男性在执行过程中比女性面临更大的困难。女性存在更严重的情绪症状，而男性在注意力和多动/冲动方面存在更大的缺陷。同样，执行过程中的缺陷与情绪和行为问题相关并能够预测这些问题。本研究建议设计一个结构化项目，专注于在真实的日常情境中进行系统训练，推荐使用恢复性技术来处理受影响的认知技能，并使用旨在改善青少年情绪调节的技术。
