Schikowski Lisa, Eley Nele, Kelleners Nicola, Schmidt Martin J, Fischer Martin S
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic-Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic-Neurosurgery, Neuroradiology and Clinical Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
Front Vet Sci. 2021 Aug 20;8:709967. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.709967. eCollection 2021.
All vertebrate species have a distinct morphology and movement pattern, which reflect the adaption of the animal to its habitat. Yet, our knowledge of motion patterns of the craniocervical junction of dogs is very limited. The aim of this prospective study is to perform a detailed analysis and description of three-dimensional craniocervical motion during locomotion in clinically sound Chihuahuas and Labrador retrievers. This study presents the first recorded motions of the craniocervical junction of clinically sound Chihuahuas ( = 8) and clinically sound Labrador retrievers ( = 3) using biplanar fluoroscopy. Scientific rotoscoping was used to reconstruct three-dimensional kinematics during locomotion. The same basic motion patterns were found in Chihuahuas and Labrador retrievers during walking. Sagittal, lateral, and axial rotation could be observed in both the atlantoaxial and the atlantooccipital joints during head motion and locomotion. Lateral and axial rotation occurred as a coupled motion pattern. The amplitudes of axial and lateral rotation of the total upper cervical motion and the atlantoaxial joint were higher in Labrador retrievers than in Chihuahuas. The range of motion (ROM) maxima were 20°, 26°, and 24° in the sagittal, lateral, and axial planes, respectively, of the atlantoaxial joint. ROM maxima of 30°, 16°, and 18° in the sagittal, lateral, and axial planes, respectively, were found at the atlantooccipital joint. The average absolute sagittal rotation of the atlas was slightly higher in Chihuahuas (between 9.1 ± 6.8° and 18.7 ± 9.9°) as compared with that of Labrador retrievers (between 5.7 ± 4.6° and 14.5 ± 2.6°), which corresponds to the more acute angle of the atlas in Chihuahuas. Individual differences for example, varying in amplitude or time of occurrence are reported.
所有脊椎动物物种都有独特的形态和运动模式，这反映了动物对其栖息地的适应性。然而，我们对犬类颅颈交界区运动模式的了解非常有限。这项前瞻性研究的目的是对临床健康的吉娃娃犬和拉布拉多寻回犬在运动过程中的三维颅颈运动进行详细分析和描述。本研究首次使用双平面荧光透视法记录了临床健康的吉娃娃犬（n = 8）和临床健康的拉布拉多寻回犬（n = 3）颅颈交界区的运动。采用科学的动态图像分析技术重建运动过程中的三维运动学。在行走过程中，吉娃娃犬和拉布拉多寻回犬具有相同的基本运动模式。在头部运动和行走过程中，寰枢关节和寰枕关节均可观察到矢状面、侧面和轴向旋转。侧面和轴向旋转以耦合运动模式出现。拉布拉多寻回犬的整个上颈椎运动和寰枢关节的轴向和侧向旋转幅度高于吉娃娃犬。寰枢关节在矢状面、侧面和轴向平面的最大运动范围（ROM）分别为20°、26°和24°。寰枕关节在矢状面、侧面和轴向平面的最大ROM分别为30°、16°和18°。与拉布拉多寻回犬（5.7±4.6°至14.5±2.6°）相比，吉娃娃犬寰椎的平均绝对矢状面旋转略高（9.1±6.8°至18.7±9.9°），这与吉娃娃犬寰椎更尖锐的角度相对应。报告了个体差异，例如幅度或发生时间的变化。
