Atomic-resolution STEM-EDS studies of cation ordering in Ti-Nb oxide crystals.

Ternary metal oxide compounds, such as Ti-Nb and Nb-W oxides, have renewed research interest in energy storage materials because these oxides contain multivalent metal ions that may be able to control the ion transport in solid lithium batteries. One of these oxides is TiNbO, which is composed of metal-oxygen octahedra connected through corner-sharing and edge-sharing to form "block structures". In the early 1970s Von Dreele and Cheetham proposed a metal-atoms ordering in this oxide crystal using Rietveld refined neutron powder diffraction method. Most recent studies on these oxides, however, have not considered cation ordering in evaluating the battery electrode materials. In this paper, by utilizing the latest scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy imaging technology, the cation chemical ordering in those oxide crystals was directly revealed at atomic resolution.