Melillo Enrico, Masarone Daniele, Oh Jae K, Verrengia Marina, Valente Fabio, Vastarella Rossella, Ammendola Ernesto, Pacileo Roberta, Pacileo Giuseppe
Heart Failure Unit, AORN dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy.
Heart Failure Unit, AORN dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy.
Heart Fail Clin. 2021 Oct;17(4):547-560. doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2021.05.001. Epub 2021 Jul 22.
Advanced heart failure, an end-stage disease characterized by high mortality and morbidity despite standard medical therapy, requires various therapeutic strategies like heart transplant and long-term mechanical circulatory support. Echocardiography is the main imaging technique to identify transitions to advanced stages of disease and guide risk stratification and therapeutic decision-making processes. Progressive development of advanced echocardiographic techniques allows more comprehensive assessment of the hemodynamic and structural profiles of patients with advanced heart failure, and its use in clinical practice continues to expand. This article provides an overview of basic and emerging echocardiographic tools to assess patients with advanced heart failure.
晚期心力衰竭是一种终末期疾病，尽管采用了标准药物治疗，但死亡率和发病率仍然很高，需要采取多种治疗策略，如心脏移植和长期机械循环支持。超声心动图是识别疾病进展到晚期阶段、指导风险分层和治疗决策过程的主要成像技术。先进超声心动图技术的不断发展使得对晚期心力衰竭患者的血流动力学和结构特征能够进行更全面的评估，并且其在临床实践中的应用也在不断扩大。本文概述了用于评估晚期心力衰竭患者的基本和新兴超声心动图工具。
