Ritchie Alison L, Elliott Carole P, Sinclair Elizabeth A, Krauss Siegfried L
School of Biological Science The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia.
Kings Park Science Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park and Botanic Garden Kings Park WA Australia.
Ecol Evol. 2021 Jul 27;11(17):11774-11785. doi: 10.1002/ece3.7946. eCollection 2021 Sep.
Pollinators and the pollination services they provide are critical for seed set and self-sustainability of most flowering plants. Despite this, pollinators are rarely assessed in restored plant communities, where their services are largely assumed to re-establish. Bird-pollinator richness, foraging, and interaction behavior were compared between natural and restored Banksia woodland sites in Western Australia to assess their re-establishment in restored sites. These parameters were measured for natural communities of varying size and degree of fragmentation, and restored plant communities of high and low complexity for three years, in the summer and winter flowering of and , respectively. Bird visitor communities varied in composition, richness, foraging movement distances, and aggression among sites. Bird richness and abundance were lowest in fragmented remnants. Differences in the composition were associated with the size and degree of fragmentation in natural sites, but this did not differ between seasons. Restored sites and their adjacent natural sites had similar species composition, suggesting proximity supports pollinator re-establishment. Pollinator foraging movements were influenced by the territorial behavior of different species. Using a network analysis approach, we found foraging behavior varied, with more frequent aggressive chases observed in restored sites, resulting in more movements out of the survey areas, than observed in natural sites. Aggressors were larger-bodied Western Wattlebirds () and New Holland Honeyeaters () that dominated nectar resources, particularly in winter. Restored sites had re-established pollination services, albeit with clear differences, as the degree of variability in the composition and behavior of bird pollinators for Banksias in the natural sites created a broad completion target against which restored sites were assessed. The abundance, diversity, and behavior of pollinator services to remnant and restored Banksia woodland sites were impacted by the size and degree of fragmentation, which in turn influenced bird-pollinator composition, and were further influenced by seasonal changes between summer and winter. Consideration of the spatial and temporal landscape context of restored sites, along with plant community diversity, is needed to ensure the maintenance of the effective movement of pollinators between natural remnant woodlands and restored sites.
传粉者及其提供的授粉服务对于大多数开花植物的种子形成和自我维持至关重要。尽管如此，在恢复的植物群落中，传粉者很少得到评估，人们大多认为这些群落中的传粉服务会自行恢复。比较了澳大利亚西部天然和恢复的山龙眼科林地中鸟类传粉者的丰富度、觅食情况和互动行为，以评估它们在恢复地点的重新建立情况。在夏季和冬季分别对不同大小和破碎程度的天然群落以及高复杂性和低复杂性的恢复植物群落进行了三年的这些参数测量。鸟类访客群落在不同地点的组成、丰富度、觅食移动距离和攻击性方面存在差异。在破碎的残余地中，鸟类的丰富度和数量最低。组成上的差异与天然地点的大小和破碎程度有关，但在不同季节之间没有差异。恢复地点及其相邻的天然地点具有相似的物种组成，这表明距离相近有助于传粉者的重新建立。传粉者的觅食移动受到不同物种领地行为的影响。使用网络分析方法，我们发现觅食行为各不相同，与天然地点相比，恢复地点观察到更频繁的攻击性追逐，导致更多的鸟类离开调查区域。攻击者是体型较大的西部金合欢鸟（）和新荷兰吸蜜鸟（），它们主导着花蜜资源，尤其是在冬季。恢复地点已经重新建立了授粉服务，尽管存在明显差异，因为天然地点中山龙眼科植物的鸟类传粉者在组成和行为上的变异性程度为评估恢复地点提供了一个广泛的比较目标。传粉服务对残余和恢复的山龙眼科林地地点的丰富度、多样性和行为受到破碎程度和大小的影响，这反过来又影响了鸟类传粉者的组成，并进一步受到夏季和冬季之间季节变化的影响。需要考虑恢复地点的时空景观背景以及植物群落多样性，以确保传粉者在天然残余林地和恢复地点之间的有效移动得以维持。
