Linoleic Acid Triggered a Metabolomic Stress Condition in Three Species of Bifidobacteria Characterized by Different Conjugated Linoleic Acid-Producing Abilities.

Abundant conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) producers exist among species. This CLA production is related to the mitigation of LA toxicity. However, there is still a lack of information on the metabolic response underlying this detoxification strategy. In this study, six bifidobacteria strains belonging to three different species were used to characterize growth and CLA accumulation in the presence of LA. A combination of non-targeted metabolomics techniques and biochemical indicators were used to explore metabolic profile changes in response to LA and the expression of important factors driving CLA production in species. The results suggested that free LA had growth inhibitory effects on bifidobacteria, resulting in a global metabolic stress response that caused metabolic reprogramming on all tested strains and promoted malondialdehyde production, inducing a redox imbalance. In particular, a strong decrease in reduced glutathione level was observed in CCFM683 [log(FC) = -3.29]. Furthermore, LA-induced oxidative stress is an important factor driving high CLA production in certain strains.