MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Jan 10;803:150043. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150043. Epub 2021 Sep 2.
Soil is a major reservoir and a secondary source of semi-volatile organic chemicals, while studies on the pollution status of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in agricultural soils are limited. In this study, a total of twenty-five chemicals including novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and dechlorane plus (DPs) was analyzed in the agricultural soils across China to investigate the occurrence, spatial distribution, potential sources, influencing factors and their associated human health risks. The results showed that BDE-209 (125-130,183 pg/g, dry weight, d.w.) was the most abundant flame retardant of PBDEs, followed by decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (9.27-22,864 pg/g, d.w.). Meanwhile, the DPs (anti-DP plus syn-DP) were in the range of ND-1229 pg/g (d.w.), and the range of f values (the concentration of anti-DP divided by the sum of the concentrations of two isomers) in this study greatly matched those of commercial products, suggesting the effect of proximity to the source region. The higher levels of HFRs were found in Eastern and Southern regions of China. Spatial distribution implied that e-waste recycling activities and plastic processing have shown more importance in releasing legacy flame retardants (FRs) into the environment than the manufacturing process, while all are important for novel FRs. Correlation analysis between influencing factors and HFRs indicated that the distribution of most pollutants was more affected by anthropogenic source factors than environmental factors. The results of the principal component analysis demonstrated that deca-BDE and its alternative products were the major contributors to the sources of HFRs pollution. Human health risks assessment via oral intake and dermal contact pathways presented that the selected pollutants posed a no-carcinogenic risk to children and adults. It is worth noting that supervision of the disposal process of the NBFRs should be strengthened in the future.
土壤是半挥发性有机化学品的主要储存库和次要来源，而有关农业土壤中卤代阻燃剂（HFRs）污染状况的研究则有限。在本研究中，分析了中国农业土壤中总共 25 种化学物质，包括新型溴化阻燃剂（NBFRs）、多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）和十氯酮（DPs），以调查其存在、空间分布、潜在来源、影响因素及其相关的人类健康风险。结果表明，BDE-209（125-130、183 pg/g，干重，d.w.）是 PBDEs 中最丰富的阻燃剂，其次是十溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE）（9.27-22864 pg/g，d.w.）。同时，DPs（反式-DP 加顺式-DP）的浓度范围为 ND-1229 pg/g（d.w.），本研究中 f 值（反式-DP 的浓度除以两种异构体浓度之和）的范围与商业产品非常匹配，表明了接近源区的影响。HFRs 的浓度在我国东部和南部地区较高。空间分布表明，电子废物回收活动和塑料加工比制造过程更能将传统阻燃剂（FRs）释放到环境中，而这两者对于新型 FRs 都很重要。影响因素与 HFRs 之间的相关分析表明，大多数污染物的分布更多地受到人为源因素的影响，而不是环境因素。主成分分析的结果表明，十溴联苯醚及其替代产品是 HFRs 污染来源的主要贡献者。通过口服摄入和皮肤接触途径进行的人类健康风险评估表明，所选污染物对儿童和成人没有致癌风险。值得注意的是，今后应加强对 NBFRs 处置过程的监管。
