The PD-1 Regulatory Axis Inhibits T Cell-Independent B Cell Memory Generation and Reactivation.

The inability of T cell-independent type 2 (TI-2) Ags to induce recall responses is a poorly understood facet of humoral immunity, yet critically important for improving vaccines. Using normal and VB1-8 transgenic mice, we demonstrate that B cell-intrinsic PD-1 expression negatively regulates TI-2 memory B cell (B) generation and reactivation in part through interacting with PDL1 and PDL2 on non-Ag-specific cells. We also identified a significant role for PDL2 expression on B in inhibiting reactivation and Ab production, thereby revealing a novel self-regulatory mechanism exists for TI-2 B This regulation impacts responses to clinically relevant vaccines, because PD-1 deficiency was associated with significantly increased Ab boosting to the pneumococcal vaccine after both vaccination and infection. Notably, we found a B cell-activating adjuvant enabled even greater boosting of protective pneumococcal polysaccharide-specific IgG responses when PD-1 inhibition was relieved. This work highlights unique self-regulation by TI-2 B and reveals new opportunities for significantly improving TI-2 Ag-based vaccine responses.