Department of Socio-Medical Sciences, Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Soc Sci Med. 2021 Nov;289:114387. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114387. Epub 2021 Sep 8.
Internalizing problems (i.e., depressive and anxiety symptoms) are known to decrease adolescents' well-being, but knowledge about potential underlying mechanisms is limited. The qualities of adolescents' most proximal relationships with their parents and close friends are expected to play a role in the association between adolescents' internalizing problems and well-being.
The present study was conducted to 1) investigate the indirect longitudinal association between internalizing problems and adolescents' well-being via the quality of adolescents' relationships with both their mothers and fathers and their close friends, and 2) test whether our findings were gender invariant.
Data were collected via online questionnaires in two waves at a 12-month interval from adolescents attending three secondary schools in the Netherlands (N = 1298; M age = 13.7 years, 53.2% girls). The data were analyzed using a two-wave cross-lagged panel model in R. Multigroup analyses were performed to examine the gender invariance of the findings.
After controlling for baseline levels, results showed that (1) girls, but not boys, who reported more internalizing problems at T1 had lower well-being at T2; (2) girls and boys who reported more internalizing problems at T1 had lower-quality relationships with their mothers, fathers, and close friends at T2; and (3) boys, but not girls, who reported higher-quality friendships at T1 had higher well-being at T2. However, no significant indirect effects between internalizing problems and well-being via the quality of adolescents' relationships with their parents and close friends were detected.
The current study contributes to understanding internalizing problems as an important risk factor to the quality of adolescents' proximal social relationships (parents, friends) and their well-being. The findings support the importance of building high-quality relationships, particularly friendships, and recommend future research to study adolescents' internalizing problems and well-being including gender-specific examinations.
众所周知，青少年的内心问题（即抑郁和焦虑症状）会降低他们的幸福感，但对潜在的潜在机制知之甚少。青少年与其父母和亲密朋友的最亲近关系的质量预计在青少年内心问题与幸福感之间的关联中发挥作用。
本研究旨在 1）通过青少年与父母和亲密朋友的关系质量，调查内部问题与青少年幸福感之间的间接纵向关联，以及 2）检验我们的发现是否具有性别不变性。
本研究的数据通过在荷兰三所中学进行的两次在线问卷调查收集，两次调查之间间隔 12 个月，共 1298 名青少年（Mage=13.7 岁，53.2%为女生）参与。使用 R 中的两波交叉滞后面板模型分析数据。进行多组分析以检验研究结果的性别不变性。
在控制基线水平后，结果表明：1）在 T1 报告更多内心问题的女孩，而不是男孩，在 T2 报告的幸福感较低；2）在 T1 报告更多内心问题的女孩和男孩，在 T2 与母亲、父亲和亲密朋友的关系质量较低；3）在 T1 报告更高质量友谊的男孩，在 T2 报告的幸福感较高。然而，没有发现内心问题与幸福感通过青少年与父母和亲密朋友的关系质量之间的显著间接影响。
本研究有助于将内心问题理解为青少年近端社会关系（父母、朋友）和幸福感质量的重要风险因素。研究结果支持建立高质量关系的重要性，特别是友谊，并建议未来的研究包括对性别特定的研究，以研究青少年的内心问题和幸福感。
