University of California, Davis.
J Exp Anal Behav. 2021 Nov;116(3):379-396. doi: 10.1002/jeab.719. Epub 2021 Sep 23.
Every species possesses abilities for successfully interacting with its environment. These result from phylogeny. In the laboratory, one may arrange artificial conditions that thwart an organism's abilities. The result may be a "phenomenon." With sufficient training, however, the phenomenon may prove to be ephemeral, as the organism's basic abilities reassert themselves. Pigeons respond extremely well to differences and nondifferences in rate of obtaining food. This ability may be thwarted in a variety of ways, but the results tend to be ephemeral. An example is an experiment that pitted pigeons' preference for unimpeded responding against their ability to respond to food rate. In a concurrent-chains procedure, the terminal links were identical variable-interval schedules, but in one terminal link, every response produced a timeout. The duration of the timeout varied, and preference varied with it, but the relation vanished with training, in keeping with the equality of food rate across the 2 terminal links. Some other examples of "phenomena" that tend to disappear with sufficient training and sufficient variation in experimental parameters are behavioral contrast, conditioned reinforcement, resistance to extinction, and suboptimal choice. These "phenomena" depend on pigeons' failing to make difficult discriminations. They appear to be behavioral ephemera.
每种物种都拥有与其环境成功互动的能力。这些能力源于系统发生。在实验室中，人们可以安排人为的条件来阻碍生物体的能力。其结果可能是一种“现象”。然而，经过足够的训练，这种现象可能会转瞬即逝，因为生物体的基本能力会重新显现出来。鸽子对获取食物的速度差异和非差异反应非常敏感。这种能力可能会以多种方式受到阻碍，但结果往往是短暂的。例如，有一个实验将鸽子对无障碍反应的偏好与它们对食物速度的反应能力进行了对比。在并行链程序中，终端链接是相同的可变间隔时间表，但在一个终端链接中，每次反应都会产生超时。超时的持续时间不同，偏好也随之变化，但随着训练的进行，这种关系消失了，这与两个终端链接中的食物速度相等是一致的。其他一些随着足够的训练和实验参数足够的变化而趋于消失的“现象”包括行为对比、条件强化、抗消退和次优选择。这些“现象”取决于鸽子无法做出困难的辨别。它们似乎是行为短暂的。
