Badenhorst Wouter Dirk, Kauranen Pertti, Pajari Heikki, Ruismäki Ronja, Mannela Petri, Murtomäki Lasse
Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 1600, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
School of Energy Systems, LUT University, P.O. Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland.
Membranes (Basel). 2021 Sep 18;11(9):718. doi: 10.3390/membranes11090718.
Demand for nickel and cobalt sulfate is expected to increase due to the rapidly growing Li-battery industry needed for the electrification of automobiles. This has led to an increase in the production of sodium sulfate as a waste effluent that needs to be processed to meet discharge guidelines. Using bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BPED), acids and bases can be effectively produced from corresponding salts found in these waste effluents. However, the efficiency and environmental sustainability of the overall BPED process depends upon several factors, including the properties of the ion exchange membranes employed, effluent type, and temperature which affects the viscosity and conductivity of feed effluent, and the overpotentials. This work focuses on the recycling of NaSO rich waste effluent, through a feed and bleed BPED process. A high ion-exchange capacity and ionic conductivity with excellent stability up to 41 °C is observed during the proposed BPED process, with this temperature increase also leading to improved current efficiency. Five and ten repeating units were tested to determine the effect on BPED stack performance, as well as the effect of temperature and current density on the stack voltage and current efficiency. Furthermore, the concentration and maximum purity (>96.5%) of the products were determined. Using the experimental data, both the capital expense (CAPEX) and operating expense (OPEX) for a theoretical plant capacity of 100 m h of NaSO at 110 g L was calculated, yielding CAPEX values of 20 M EUR, and OPEX at 14.2 M EUR/year with a payback time of 11 years, however, the payback time is sensitive to chemical and electricity prices.
由于汽车电气化所需的锂电池行业迅速发展，预计对硫酸镍和硫酸钴的需求将会增加。这导致硫酸钠作为一种需要进行处理以符合排放准则的废水产量增加。使用双极膜电渗析（BPED），可以从这些废水中所含的相应盐类有效地生产出酸和碱。然而，整个BPED过程的效率和环境可持续性取决于几个因素，包括所使用的离子交换膜的性能、废水类型以及影响进料废水粘度和电导率的温度，还有过电位。这项工作聚焦于通过进料和出料BPED工艺回收富含NaSO的废水。在所提出的BPED工艺过程中，观察到一种高离子交换容量和离子电导率，以及在高达41℃时具有优异的稳定性，温度升高也导致电流效率提高。测试了五个和十个重复单元，以确定对BPED电池堆性能的影响，以及温度和电流密度对电池堆电压和电流效率的影响。此外，还测定了产物的浓度和最大纯度（>96.5%）。利用实验数据，计算了理论工厂产能为110 g/L的NaSO时每小时100 m的资本支出（CAPEX）和运营支出（OPEX），得出CAPEX值为2000万欧元，OPEX为每年1420万欧元且投资回收期为11年，然而，投资回收期对化学品和电价很敏感。
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