Department of Physical Education, 1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba Iulia, 510009 Alba Iulia, Romania.
Nicolae Rotaru Sports Program High School of Constanţa, 900178 Constanța, Romania.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Sep 8;18(18):9486. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18189486.
Altitude training increases haemoglobin, erythropoietin values among athletes, but may have negative physiological consequences. An alternative, although less explored, that has the potential to positively influence performance while avoiding some of the negative physiological consequences of hypoxia is sand training. Ten endurance-trained athletes (age: 20.8 ± 1.4, body mass: 57.7 ± 8.2 kg, stature: 176 ± 6 cm; 5000 m 14:55.00 ± 0:30 min) performed three 21-day training camps at different locations: at a high altitude (HIGH), at the sea-level (CTRL), at the sea-level on the sand (SAND). Differences in erythropoietin (EPO) and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, body weight, VO and maximal aerobic velocity (VMA) before and after each training cycle were compared. Data analysis has indicated that training during HIGH elicited a greater increase in VO (2.4 ± 0.2%; = 0.005 and 1.0 ± 0.2%; < 0.001) and VMA (2.4 ± 0.2%, < 0.001 and 1.2 ± 0.2%; = 0.001) compared with CTRL and SAND. While increases in VO and VMA following SAND were greater (1.3 ± 0.1%; < 0.001 and 1.2 ± 0.1%; < 0.001) than those observed after CTRL. Moreover, EPO increased to a greater extent following HIGH (25.3 ± 2.7%) compared with SAND (11.7 ± 1.6%, = 0.008) and CTRL (0.1 ± 0.3%, < 0.001) with a greater increase ( < 0.01) following SAND compared with CTRL. Furthermore, HIGH and SAND elicited a greater increase (4.9 ± 0.9%; = 0.001 and 3.3 ± 1.1%; = 0.035) in Hb compared with CTRL. There was no difference in Hb changes observed between HIGH and SAND ( = 1.0). Finally, athletes lost 2.1 ± 0.4% ( = 0.001) more weight following HIGH vs. CTRL, while there were no differences in weight changes between HIGH vs. SAND ( = 0.742) and SAND vs. CTRL ( = 0.719). High-altitude training and sea-level training on sand resulted in significant improvements in EPO, Hb, VMA, and VO that exceeded changes in such parameters following traditional sea-level training. While high-altitude training elicited greater relative increases in EPO, VMA, and VO, sand training resulted in comparable increases in Hb and may prevent hypoxia-induced weight loss.
高原训练会增加运动员的血红蛋白和促红细胞生成素水平，但可能会产生负面影响。另一种替代方法，虽然探索较少，但有可能在避免缺氧的一些负面影响的同时，积极影响表现，这就是沙训。10 名耐力训练运动员（年龄：20.8±1.4 岁，体重：57.7±8.2 千克，身高：176±6 厘米；5000 米 14:55.00±0:30 分钟）在不同地点进行了三次为期 21 天的训练：高海拔（HIGH）、海平面（CTRL）和海平面沙地上（SAND）。比较了每个训练周期前后红细胞生成素（EPO）和血红蛋白（Hb）浓度、体重、VO 和最大有氧速度（VMA）的差异。数据分析表明，与 CTRL 和 SAND 相比，HIGH 训练引起的 VO（2.4±0.2%；=0.005 和 1.0±0.2%；<0.001）和 VMA（2.4±0.2%，<0.001 和 1.2±0.2%；=0.001）增加更大。而 SAND 后 VO 和 VMA 的增加幅度更大（1.3±0.1%；<0.001 和 1.2±0.1%；<0.001）高于 CTRL。此外，HIGH 后 EPO 的增加幅度大于 SAND（25.3±2.7%）和 CTRL（0.1±0.3%；<0.001），而 SAND 后 EPO 的增加幅度大于 CTRL（11.7±1.6%；=0.008）。此外，HIGH 和 SAND 引起的 Hb 增加幅度大于 CTRL（4.9±0.9%；=0.001 和 3.3±1.1%；=0.035）。HIGH 和 SAND 之间的 Hb 变化没有差异（=1.0）。最后，与 CTRL 相比，HIGH 后运动员体重下降 2.1±0.4%（=0.001），而 HIGH 与 SAND 之间的体重变化没有差异（=0.742）和 SAND 与 CTRL 之间的体重变化没有差异（=0.719）。高海拔训练和海平面沙地上的训练导致 EPO、Hb、VMA 和 VO 的显著改善，超过了传统海平面训练后这些参数的变化。虽然高海拔训练引起的 EPO、VMA 和 VO 相对增加幅度更大，但沙训引起的 Hb 增加幅度相当，并可能防止缺氧引起的体重下降。
