Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospitals, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
Nutrients. 2021 Sep 12;13(9):3177. doi: 10.3390/nu13093177.
While sodium is essential for human homeostasis, current salt consumption far exceeds physiological needs. Strong evidence suggests a direct causal relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure (BP) and a modest reduction in salt consumption is associated with a meaningful reduction in BP in hypertensive as well as normotensive individuals. Moreover, while long-term randomized controlled trials are still lacking, it is reasonable to assume a direct relationship between sodium intake and cardiovascular outcomes. However, a consensus has yet to be reached on the effectiveness, safety and feasibility of sodium intake reduction on an individual level. Beyond indirect BP-mediated effects, detrimental consequences of high sodium intake are manifold and pathways involving vascular damage, oxidative stress, hormonal alterations, the immune system and the gut microbiome have been described. Globally, while individual response to salt intake is variable, sodium should be perceived as a cardiovascular risk factor when consumed in excess. Reduction of sodium intake on a population level thus presents a potential strategy to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease worldwide. In this review, we provide an update on the consequences of salt intake on human health, focusing on BP and cardiovascular outcomes as well as underlying pathophysiological hypotheses.
虽然钠对于人体的内环境稳定至关重要，但目前的盐摄入量远远超过了生理需求。有强有力的证据表明，钠的摄入量与血压（BP）之间存在直接的因果关系，适度减少盐的摄入与高血压和正常血压个体的血压显著降低有关。此外，尽管长期随机对照试验仍然缺乏，但可以合理地假设钠的摄入量与心血管结局之间存在直接关系。然而，在个体层面上，减少钠摄入量的有效性、安全性和可行性尚未达成共识。除了间接的 BP 介导效应外，高钠摄入的有害后果是多方面的，涉及血管损伤、氧化应激、激素改变、免疫系统和肠道微生物组的途径已经被描述。在全球范围内，尽管个体对盐摄入量的反应存在差异，但当摄入过量时，钠应被视为心血管风险因素。因此，在人群中减少钠的摄入量是减少全球心血管疾病负担的一种潜在策略。在这篇综述中，我们提供了关于盐摄入量对人类健康影响的最新信息，重点关注血压和心血管结局以及潜在的病理生理学假设。
