Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center, Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
Nutrients. 2021 Sep 19;13(9):3276. doi: 10.3390/nu13093276.
Conservation of the energy equilibrium can be considered a dynamic process and variations of one component (energy intake or energy expenditure) cause biological and/or behavioral compensatory changes in the other part of the system. The interplay between energy demand and caloric intake appears designed to guarantee an adequate food supply in variable life contexts. The circadian rhythm plays a major role in systemic homeostasis by acting as "timekeeper" of the human body, under the control of central and peripheral clocks that regulate many physiological functions such as sleep, hunger and body temperature. Clock-associated biological processes anticipate the daily demands imposed by the environment, being synchronized under ideal physiologic conditions. Factors that interfere with the expected demand, including daily distribution of macronutrients, physical activity and light exposure, may disrupt the physiologic harmony between predicted and actual behavior. Such a desynchronization may favor the development of a wide range of disease-related processes, including obesity and its comorbidities. Evidence has been provided that the main components of 24-h EE may be affected by disruption of the circadian rhythm. The sleep pattern, meal timing and meal composition could mediate these effects. An increased understanding of the crosstalk between disruption of the circadian rhythm and energy balance may shed light on the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying weight gain, which may eventually lead to design effective strategies to fight the obesity pandemic.
能量平衡的维持可以被看作是一个动态的过程，一个组成部分（能量摄入或能量消耗）的变化会导致系统的另一部分产生生物和/或行为上的补偿性变化。能量需求和热量摄入之间的相互作用似乎旨在保证在不同的生活环境中有足够的食物供应。昼夜节律通过作为人体的“计时器”，在调节许多生理功能（如睡眠、饥饿和体温）的中枢和外周时钟的控制下，在系统内稳态中发挥着重要作用。与时钟相关的生物过程预测了人体对环境的日常需求，并在理想的生理条件下实现同步。包括宏量营养素的每日分布、体力活动和光照暴露在内的干扰预期需求的因素，可能会破坏预测和实际行为之间的生理平衡。这种失同步可能有利于一系列与疾病相关的过程的发展，包括肥胖及其合并症。有证据表明，24 小时 EE 的主要组成部分可能会受到昼夜节律紊乱的影响。睡眠模式、进餐时间和进餐成分可能会调节这些影响。深入了解昼夜节律紊乱和能量平衡之间的相互作用，可能有助于阐明体重增加的病理生理机制，这最终可能导致设计有效的策略来对抗肥胖流行。
