Rovetta Alessandro, Abate Alessandro
Mathematical, Statistical and Epidemiological Models, Technological and Scientific Research, Redeev Srl, Naples, ITA.
Mathematical, Statistical and Epidemiological Models, Research and Disclosure Division, Mensana Srls, Brescia, ITA.
Cureus. 2021 Aug 23;13(8):e17382. doi: 10.7759/cureus.17382. eCollection 2021 Aug.
The role of cheering in home advantage in sports performance is unclear. As anti-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) restrictive measures have prevented crowds from entering stadiums, analysis of the past two football seasons can reveal important details.
This paper aims to compare the last two football seasons in Italy with the previous six, highlighting changes due to the absence of cheering.
We compared the average percentages of points obtained in home matches from 2013 to 2019 with those in the timelapse 2019-2021. The same operation was performed with referee statistics, such as fouls, penalties, and cards awarded against home teams. To do this, we used Welch's t-test and percentage increases. Pearson and Spearman's correlations were searched between the percentages of points collected in home matches and total points earned from 2013 to 2021.
The average percentage of points collected by teams in home matches dropped by 8% (Welch's t = -4.3). The negative correlations between home collected points and total points in 2013-2019 timelapse have significantly diminished during the last two seasons (Welch's t = 6.2), approaching zero. Penalties against home teams have increased by 30% (Welch's t = 2.6), reaching 51.4%.
This research provides statistical evidence supporting the crowd's impact on sports and refereeing performance in Serie A. However, our results also suggest that part of the home advantage is linked to factors independent of the audience. Future research can deepen the above phenomena from a theoretical-psychological point of view.
助威在体育比赛主场优势中所起的作用尚不清楚。由于2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）限制措施禁止观众进入体育场，对过去两个足球赛季的分析可以揭示重要细节。
本文旨在比较意大利过去两个足球赛季与前六个赛季，突出因缺乏助威而产生的变化。
我们将2013年至2019年主场比赛获得的平均积分百分比与2019 - 2021年期间的进行比较。对裁判统计数据（如针对主队的犯规、点球和出示的牌）也进行了同样的操作。为此，我们使用了韦尔奇t检验和百分比增长。在主场比赛获得的积分百分比与2013年至2021年获得的总积分之间寻找皮尔逊和斯皮尔曼相关性。
球队在主场比赛中获得的平均积分百分比下降了8%（韦尔奇t = -4.3）。在2013 - 2019年期间，主场积分与总积分之间的负相关性在过去两个赛季中显著减弱（韦尔奇t = 6.2），接近零。对主队的点球判罚增加了30%（韦尔奇t = 2.6），达到51.4%。
本研究提供了统计证据，支持观众对意甲联赛中体育和裁判表现的影响。然而，我们的结果也表明，部分主场优势与观众无关的因素有关。未来的研究可以从理论心理学角度深入探讨上述现象。
