Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, India.
Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal - 576104, Karnataka, India.
J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2021;40(3):37-49. doi: 10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.2021038365.
It has now been almost a year since the emergence of the deadly SARS-CoV-2 with millions of people losing their lives due to resultant COVID-19. Apart from the well-known consequences of respiratory illnesses, it has even effortlessly mapped itself into the nervous system through routes like blood, CSF, neurons, and olfactory cells. Interestingly, the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the nervous system cells like neurons, microglia, and astrocytes has been a factor to worsen COVID-19 through its neuroinflammatory actions. The release of cytokines due to astrocyte and microglial activation could progress towards the most anticipated cytokine storm proving to be detrimental in the management of COVID-19. Such hyper-inflammatory conditions could make the BBB vulnerable, encouraging excessive viral particles into the CNS, leading to further neurodegenerative pathologies like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Multiple Sclerosis. Excessive neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration being the anticipated root causes of these multiple conditions, it is also essential to look into other factors that synergistically enhance the worsening of these diseases in COVID-19 patients for which additional studies are essential.
自致命的 SARS-CoV-2 出现以来，已经将近一年了，数以百万计的人因 COVID-19 而丧生。除了众所周知的呼吸道疾病的后果外，它甚至毫不费力地通过血液、CSF、神经元和嗅觉细胞等途径映射到神经系统。有趣的是，SARS-CoV-2 与神经元、小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞等神经系统细胞的相互作用是通过其神经炎症作用使 COVID-19 恶化的一个因素。由于星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞的激活而释放的细胞因子可能会发展为预期的细胞因子风暴，这对 COVID-19 的治疗是有害的。这种超炎症状态可能使 BBB 变得脆弱，促使过多的病毒颗粒进入中枢神经系统，导致进一步的神经退行性病变，如阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、克雅氏病和多发性硬化症。过度的神经炎症和神经退行性变是这些多种疾病的预期根本原因，因此也有必要研究其他协同作用的因素，这些因素会加剧 COVID-19 患者的这些疾病恶化，为此需要开展更多的研究。
