Department of Civil Engineering, Symbiosis Institute of Technology (SIT), Symbiosis International (Deemed University) (SIU), Pune, India.
Department of Applied Science, Symbiosis Institute of Technology (SIT), Symbiosis International (Deemed University) (SIU), Pune, India.
Water Environ Res. 2021 Dec;93(12):2853-2872. doi: 10.1002/wer.1648. Epub 2021 Nov 2.
The wastewater treatment industry is constantly evolving to abate emerging contaminants and to meet stringent legislative requirements. The existing technologies need to be modified, or new innovative treatment techniques need to be developed to ensure environmental protection and secure sustainability in the future. Emphasis is mainly on nutrient recovery, energy-efficient systems, zero waste generation, and environmentally friendly techniques. Constructed wetlands (CWs) have evolved as natural, eco-friendly, economical, and low-maintenance alternatives for wastewater remediation. These wetlands employ several materials as adsorbents for the treatment, commonly known as media/substrate. This review paper presents an assessment of various materials that can be used as substrates in CWs for the efficient removal of organic and non-biodegradable pollutants in different types of wastewaters. The effect of pH, mineral composition, specific surface area, and porosity of various natural materials and agricultural and industrial wastes used as media in CWs for wastewater remediation was discussed. The study showed that different substrates like alum sludge, limestone, coal slags, rice husk, and sand had removal efficiency for chemical oxygen demand (COD): 71.8%-82%, total phosphorous (TP): 77%-80%, and total nitrogen (TN): 52%-82% for different types of wastewaters. It also highlights the challenges related to the long-term sustainability of these materials. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Physicochemical characteristics influence the removal efficiency of the materials Life of media is also important along with removal efficiency and cost The sustainability of materials is very crucial for the overall performance of the system.
污水处理行业不断发展，以减少新兴污染物，并满足严格的立法要求。需要对现有技术进行改进，或开发新的创新处理技术，以确保未来的环境保护和可持续性。重点主要是营养物质回收、节能系统、零废物产生和环保技术。人工湿地（CWs）已发展成为废水修复的自然、环保、经济和低维护替代方案。这些湿地采用多种材料作为吸附剂进行处理，通常称为介质/基质。本文综述评估了各种可用于 CWs 中的基质材料，以有效去除不同类型废水中的有机和不可生物降解污染物。讨论了各种天然材料和农业及工业废物作为 CWs 中废水修复用介质的 pH 值、矿物成分、比表面积和孔隙率的影响。研究表明，不同的基质，如铝污泥、石灰石、炉渣、稻壳和沙子，对不同类型废水的化学需氧量（COD）去除效率为 71.8%-82%，总磷（TP）去除效率为 77%-80%，总氮（TN）去除效率为 52%-82%。它还强调了与这些材料的长期可持续性相关的挑战。
理化特性影响材料的去除效率
材料的使用寿命以及去除效率和成本同样重要
材料的可持续性对系统的整体性能至关重要。
