Department of Chemical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, India.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, India.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Feb 10;807(Pt 1):150601. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150601. Epub 2021 Sep 28.
Fluoride contamination has become a considerable threat to our society worldwide. Fluoride in drinking water is primarily due to rich fluoride soil, volcanic activity, forage, grasses and grains, and anthropogenic reasons. World Health Organization has regulated the upper limit for fluoride in drinking water to be 1.5 mg/L while different countries have set their standards according to their circumstances. Excess amounts of fluoride ions in drinking water can cause dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, arthritis, bone damage, osteoporosis, muscular damage, fatigue, joint-related problems, and chronicle issues. In extreme conditions, it could adversely damage the heart, arteries, kidney, liver, endocrine glands, neuron system, and several other delicate parts of a living organism, briefed in the present article. Moreover, a comprehensive scenario for the situations in countries like, China, Canada, Mexico, United States, Yemen, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Iran, Turkey, Australia, and India affected with high fluoride levels in ground water has been described. To analyze the presence of fluoride molecule, out of different detections methods, ion selective and colorimetric method has been adopted for real situation in the field of water application. Also, different methods to remove fluoride from water like reverse osmosis, nano filtration, adsorption, ion-exchange, and precipitation/coagulation with their removal mechanism were highlighted in the review. Moreover, the applicability of the approach with the prospect of country's economic status has been discussed, due to high cost and maintenance the membrane technology is not popular in developing countries like India, Senegal, Tanzania, and Kenya which employ adsorption and coagulation-precipitation for fluoride removal. It is noticeable from literature study that different approaches show unique potential for defluoridation. Some key parameters and mechanistic adaptations which could pave the defluoridation methods to newer horizons have been put forward.
氟污染已成为全球社会的一大威胁。饮用水中的氟主要来自富氟土壤、火山活动、饲料、草和谷物以及人为因素。世界卫生组织规定饮用水中氟的上限为 1.5mg/L，而不同国家则根据自身情况制定了标准。饮用水中过量的氟离子会导致氟斑牙、氟骨症、关节炎、骨骼损伤、骨质疏松症、肌肉损伤、疲劳、关节相关问题和慢性问题。在极端情况下，它还可能对心脏、动脉、肾脏、肝脏、内分泌腺、神经元系统和生物体的其他一些脆弱部位造成不良损害，本文对此进行了简要介绍。此外，还描述了中国、加拿大、墨西哥、美国、也门、巴基斯坦、沙特阿拉伯、韩国、斯里兰卡、印度尼西亚、伊朗、土耳其、澳大利亚和印度等国的地下水氟含量高的情况。为了分析氟分子的存在，在不同的检测方法中，采用离子选择性和比色法来检测水样中的氟含量。此外，还介绍了从水中去除氟的不同方法，如反渗透、纳滤、吸附、离子交换和沉淀/凝聚，并阐述了它们的去除机制。还讨论了这些方法在不同国家的适用性和前景，由于成本高和维护问题，膜技术在印度、塞内加尔、坦桑尼亚和肯尼亚等发展中国家并不流行，这些国家采用吸附和凝聚沉淀来去除氟。从文献研究中可以看出，不同的方法在除氟方面都有独特的潜力。提出了一些关键参数和机制适应性，可以为除氟方法开辟新的前景。
