The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Gerald Street, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand.
Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, 392 31, Kalmar, Sweden.
Naturwissenschaften. 2021 Oct 3;108(6):47. doi: 10.1007/s00114-021-01757-7.
Since of the first sex pheromone and the adoption of pheromone in pest management, the global pheromone market size has grown to reach USD 2.4 billion per year in 2019. This has enabled the development of environmentally friendly approaches that significantly reduce the application of pesticides. Recently, there have been reports of the failure of various commercial codlemone: (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol formulations used for monitoring the apple pest codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.). This work was initiated to investigate factors behind the lack of efficacy of codlemone lure in the Northern Hemisphere (Germany) and Southern Hemisphere (New Zealand). We hypothesised that the observed failure could be due to two main factors: (a) a shift in the response of male codling moth to codlemone and (b) degradation of codlemone under field conditions that renders the lure less attractive. Field trial tests of various doses and blends containing minor pheromone compounds suggested no change in response of male codling moth. The addition of an antioxidant and a UV stabiliser to codlemone resulted in a significant increase in the number of males caught in Germany, but not in New Zealand. Mean maximum temperatures during the growing season since 2004 indicate a 3 °C increase to 35 °C in Germany, but just a 1.5 °C rise to 30 °C in New Zealand. Chemical analysis of the lures used in the field trials in Germany and New Zealand indicated more degradation products and reduced half-life of the lures in Germany compared with those in New Zealand. Heating codlemone lures to 32 °C significantly reduced the number of males caught in traps and increased the isomeric and chemical impurities of codlemone compared with unheated lures. Our data provide the first evidence that climate change affects pheromone molecule stability, thus reducing its biological efficacy. Our finding suggests that climate change could be a general problem for chemical communication and, therefore, could affect the integrity of natural ecosystems.
自首次发现性信息素并将其应用于害虫管理以来，全球性信息素市场规模已增长至 2019 年的每年 24 亿美元。这使得人们能够开发出更环保的方法，从而大大减少农药的使用。最近，各种用于监测苹果害虫桃小食心虫的性信息素诱饵（E，E）-8,10-十二碳二烯-1-醇制剂的商业应用都出现了失败的报告。这项工作的目的是调查在北半球（德国）和南半球（新西兰）缺乏性信息素引诱剂效果的原因。我们假设观察到的失败可能归因于两个主要因素：（a）雄桃小食心虫对性信息素的反应发生转变；（b）在田间条件下性信息素降解，使诱饵吸引力降低。对含有少量信息素化合物的各种剂量和混合物的田间试验测试表明，雄桃小食心虫的反应没有变化。向性信息素中添加抗氧化剂和紫外线稳定剂可显著增加在德国捕获的雄虫数量，但在新西兰却没有。自 2004 年以来，生长季节的平均最高温度表明德国的温度升高了 3°C，达到 35°C，而新西兰仅升高了 1.5°C，达到 30°C。对在德国和新西兰田间试验中使用的诱饵进行的化学分析表明，与新西兰相比，德国的降解产物更多，诱饵的半衰期更短。将性信息素诱饵加热至 32°C 会显著减少诱捕器中捕获的雄虫数量，并增加性信息素的异构体和化学杂质，与未加热的诱饵相比。我们的数据首次提供了证据，表明气候变化会影响信息素分子的稳定性，从而降低其生物功效。我们的发现表明，气候变化可能是化学通讯的一个普遍问题，因此可能会影响自然生态系统的完整性。
