National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland (M.S.S., A.T.H., P.S.A., J.S.A., M.G., N.D.F., A.B.D.).
Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Albuquerque, New Mexico (E.A.H.).
Ann Intern Med. 2021 Dec;174(12):1693-1699. doi: 10.7326/M21-2134. Epub 2021 Oct 5.
Although racial/ethnic disparities in U.S. COVID-19 death rates are striking, focusing on COVID-19 deaths alone may underestimate the true effect of the pandemic on disparities. Excess death estimates capture deaths both directly and indirectly caused by COVID-19.
To estimate U.S. excess deaths by racial/ethnic group.
Surveillance study.
United States.
All decedents.
Excess deaths and excess deaths per 100 000 persons from March to December 2020 were estimated by race/ethnicity, sex, age group, and cause of death, using provisional death certificate data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and U.S. Census Bureau population estimates.
An estimated 2.88 million deaths occurred between March and December 2020. Compared with the number of expected deaths based on 2019 data, 477 200 excess deaths occurred during this period, with 74% attributed to COVID-19. Age-standardized excess deaths per 100 000 persons among Black, American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN), and Latino males and females were more than double those in White and Asian males and females. Non-COVID-19 excess deaths also disproportionately affected Black, AI/AN, and Latino persons. Compared with White males and females, non-COVID-19 excess deaths per 100 000 persons were 2 to 4 times higher in Black, AI/AN, and Latino males and females, including deaths due to diabetes, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and Alzheimer disease. Excess deaths in 2020 resulted in substantial widening of racial/ethnic disparities in all-cause mortality from 2019 to 2020.
Completeness and availability of provisional CDC data; no estimates of precision around results.
There were profound racial/ethnic disparities in excess deaths in the United States in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in rapid increases in racial/ethnic disparities in all-cause mortality between 2019 and 2020.
National Institutes of Health Intramural Research Program.
尽管美国 COVID-19 死亡率的种族/民族差异显著，但仅关注 COVID-19 死亡人数可能低估了大流行对差异的真正影响。超额死亡估计数直接和间接捕捉到 COVID-19 导致的死亡人数。
按种族/民族估计美国的超额死亡人数。
监测研究。
美国。
所有死者。
使用来自疾病控制与预防中心 (CDC) 的临时死亡证明数据和美国人口普查局的人口估计数，按种族/民族、性别、年龄组和死因，估计 2020 年 3 月至 12 月期间的超额死亡人数和每 10 万人的超额死亡人数。
据估计，2020 年 3 月至 12 月期间有 288 万人死亡。与根据 2019 年数据预计的死亡人数相比，在此期间发生了 477200 例超额死亡，其中 74%归因于 COVID-19。黑人和美国印第安人/阿拉斯加原住民（AI/AN）以及拉丁裔男性和女性的每 10 万人的年龄标准化超额死亡人数是白人男性和女性的两倍多。非 COVID-19 超额死亡也不成比例地影响了黑人和 AI/AN 以及拉丁裔人群。与白人男性和女性相比，黑人和 AI/AN 以及拉丁裔男性和女性的每 10 万人的非 COVID-19 超额死亡人数高 2 至 4 倍，包括死于糖尿病、心脏病、脑血管病和阿尔茨海默病的人数。2020 年的超额死亡导致 2019 年至 2020 年期间所有原因死亡率的种族/民族差异大幅扩大。
临时 CDC 数据的完整性和可用性；对结果的精确性没有估计。
在 2020 年 COVID-19 大流行期间，美国的超额死亡存在严重的种族/民族差异，导致 2019 年至 2020 年期间所有原因死亡率的种族/民族差异迅速增加。
美国国立卫生研究院内部研究计划。
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