Alotaibi Badriyah Shadid, Buabeid Manal, Ibrahim Nihal Abdalla, Kharaba Zelal Jaber, Ijaz Munazza, Murtaza Ghulam
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, UAE.
Expert Rev Vaccines. 2021 Dec;20(12):1587-1601. doi: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1990044. Epub 2021 Oct 21.
High patient compliance, noninvasiveness, and self-administration are the leading features of vaccine delivery through the oral route. The implementation of swift mass vaccination campaigns in pandemic outbreaks fascinates the use of oral vaccination. This approach can elicit both mucosal and systemic immune responses to protect against infection at the surface of the mucosa.
As pathogen entry and spread mainly occurs through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) mucosal surfaces, oral vaccination may protect and limit disease spread. Oral vaccines target various potential mucosal inductive sites in the GIT, such as the oral cavity, gastric area, and small intestine. Orally delivered vaccines having subunit and nucleic acid pass through various GIT-associated risks, such as the biodegradation of biologics and their reduced absorption. This article presents a summarized review of the existing technologies and prospects for oral vaccination.
The intestinal mucosa focuses on current approaches, while future strategies target new mucosal sites, i.e. oral cavity and stomach. Recent developments in biologic delivery through the oral route and their potential use in future oral vaccination are mainly considered.
高患者依从性、非侵入性和自我给药是口服途径疫苗接种的主要特点。在大流行疫情中迅速开展大规模疫苗接种活动，使得口服疫苗接种备受关注。这种方法可以引发黏膜和全身免疫反应，以预防黏膜表面的感染。
由于病原体的进入和传播主要通过胃肠道（GIT）黏膜表面发生，口服疫苗接种可能会起到保护作用并限制疾病传播。口服疫苗针对GIT中各种潜在的黏膜诱导部位，如口腔、胃部和小肠。口服递送的亚单位和核酸疫苗会面临各种与GIT相关的风险，如生物制品的生物降解及其吸收减少。本文对口服疫苗接种的现有技术和前景进行了综述。
肠道黏膜是当前方法的重点，而未来的策略则针对新的黏膜部位，即口腔和胃。主要考虑了通过口服途径进行生物递送的最新进展及其在未来口服疫苗接种中的潜在应用。
