Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2021 Jan 6;61:517-540. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030320-092348. Epub 2020 Aug 31.
Oral vaccination enables pain-free and self-administrable vaccine delivery for rapid mass vaccination during pandemic outbreaks. Furthermore, it elicits systemic and mucosal immune responses. This protects against infection at mucosal surfaces, which may further enhance protection and minimize the spread of disease. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract presents a number of prospective mucosal inductive sites for vaccine targeting, including the oral cavity, stomach, and small intestine. However, currently available oral vaccines are effectively limited to live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines against enteric diseases. The GI tract poses a number of challenges,including degradative processes that digest biologics and mucosal barriers that limit their absorption. This review summarizes the approaches currently under development and future opportunities for oral vaccine delivery to established (intestinal) and relatively new (oral cavity, stomach) mucosal targets. Special consideration is given to recent advances in oral biologic delivery that offer promise as future platforms for the administration of oral vaccines.
口服疫苗可实现无痛、自我给药，便于在大流行爆发期间进行大规模快速疫苗接种。此外，它还能引发全身性和黏膜免疫应答。这可以预防黏膜表面的感染，进一步增强保护作用，并最大限度地减少疾病传播。胃肠道（GI）提供了许多有前景的黏膜疫苗接种靶向部位，包括口腔、胃和小肠。然而，目前可用的口服疫苗实际上仅限于针对肠道疾病的减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗。胃肠道存在多种挑战，包括可降解生物制剂的降解过程和限制其吸收的黏膜屏障。本综述总结了目前正在开发的方法以及口服疫苗向既定（肠道）和相对较新（口腔、胃）黏膜靶标的未来机会。特别考虑了口服生物制剂递送方面的最新进展，这些进展有望成为口服疫苗给药的未来平台。
