Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA; email:
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, USA.
Annu Rev Entomol. 2022 Jan 7;67:305-328. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-071421-073524. Epub 2021 Oct 6.
The diverse ecology of parasitoids is shaped by extrinsic competition, i.e., exploitative or interference competition among adult females and males for hosts and mates. Adult females use an array of morphological, chemical, and behavioral mechanisms to engage in competition that may be either intra- or interspecific. Weaker competitors are often excluded or, if they persist, use alternate host habitats, host developmental stages, or host species. Competition among adult males for mates is almost exclusively intraspecific and involves visual displays, chemical signals, and even physical combat. Extrinsic competition influences community structure through its role in competitive displacement and apparent competition. Finally, anthropogenic changes such as habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive species, pollutants, and climate change result in phenological mismatches and range expansions within host-parasitoid communities with consequent changes to the strength of competitive interactions. Such changes have important ramifications not only for the success of managed agroecosystems, but also for natural ecosystem functioning.
寄生生物的多样生态由外在竞争决定，即雌性和雄性成虫为宿主和配偶而进行的掠夺性或干扰性竞争。成虫利用一系列形态、化学和行为机制进行竞争，这种竞争既可以是种内的，也可以是种间的。较弱的竞争者通常被排除在外，或者如果它们持续存在，就会利用替代的宿主栖息地、宿主发育阶段或宿主物种。雄性成虫之间为争夺配偶而进行的竞争几乎完全是种内的，涉及视觉展示、化学信号，甚至是肉体搏斗。外在竞争通过其在竞争替代和明显竞争中的作用影响群落结构。最后，人类活动引起的变化，如栖息地丧失和破碎化、入侵物种、污染物和气候变化，导致宿主-寄生生物群落中的物候不匹配和范围扩大，从而导致竞争相互作用的强度发生变化。这种变化不仅对管理型农业生态系统的成功有重要影响，而且对自然生态系统的功能也有重要影响。
