Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute/CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2022 Jan 11;115(1):34-44. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab329.
Dicarbonyls are highly reactive compounds and major precursors of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Both dicarbonyls and AGEs are associated with development of age-related diseases. Dicarbonyls are formed endogenously but also during food processing. To what extent dicarbonyls from the diet contribute to circulating dicarbonyls and AGEs in tissues is unknown.
To examine cross-sectional associations of dietary dicarbonyl intake with plasma dicarbonyl concentrations and skin AGEs.
In 2566 individuals of the population-based Maastricht Study (age: 60 ± 8 y, 50% males, 26% with type 2 diabetes), we estimated habitual intake of the dicarbonyls methylglyoxal (MGO), glyoxal (GO), and 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG) by combining FFQs with our dietary dicarbonyl database of MGO, GO, and 3-DG concentrations in > 200 commonly consumed food products. Fasting plasma concentrations of MGO, GO, and 3-DG were measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Skin AGEs were measured as skin autofluorescence (SAF), using the AGE Reader. Associations of dietary dicarbonyl intake with their respective plasma concentrations and SAF (all standardized) were examined using linear regression models, adjusted for age, sex, potential confounders related to cardiometabolic risk factors, and lifestyle.
Median intake of MGO, GO, and 3-DG was 3.6, 3.5, and 17 mg/d, respectively. Coffee was the main dietary source of MGO, whereas this was bread for GO and 3-DG. In the fully adjusted models, dietary MGO was associated with plasma MGO (β: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.13) and SAF (β: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.17). Dietary GO was associated with plasma GO (β: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.16) but not with SAF. 3-DG was not significantly associated with either plasma 3-DG or SAF.
Higher habitual intake of dietary MGO and GO, but not 3-DG, was associated with higher corresponding plasma concentrations. Higher intake of MGO was also associated with higher SAF. These results suggest dietary absorption of MGO and GO. Biological implications of dietary absorption of MGO and GO need to be determined. The study has been approved by the institutional medical ethical committee (NL31329.068.10) and the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sports of the Netherlands (Permit 131088-105234-PG).
二羰基化合物是高度反应性的化合物，也是高级糖基化终产物 (AGEs) 的主要前体。二羰基化合物和 AGEs 都与与年龄相关疾病的发展有关。二羰基化合物在体内形成，但也在食品加工过程中形成。饮食中二羰基化合物在多大程度上导致组织中循环二羰基化合物和 AGEs 的形成尚不清楚。
研究饮食中二羰基化合物的摄入量与血浆中二羰基化合物浓度和皮肤 AGEs 之间的横断面关联。
在基于人群的马斯特里赫特研究的 2566 名个体中（年龄：60 ± 8 岁，50%为男性，26%患有 2 型糖尿病），我们通过将 FFQ 与我们的二羰基数据库结合起来，估计了甲基乙二醛 (MGO)、乙二醛 (GO) 和 3-脱氧葡萄糖酮 (3-DG) 的习惯性摄入量。超过 200 种常见食品中二羰基化合物 MGO、GO 和 3-DG 的浓度。使用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测量空腹血浆中 MGO、GO 和 3-DG 的浓度。使用 AGE 读数器测量皮肤 AGEs 作为皮肤自发荧光 (SAF)。使用线性回归模型，在调整年龄、性别、与心血管代谢危险因素相关的潜在混杂因素和生活方式后，研究饮食中二羰基化合物摄入与各自的血浆浓度和 SAF（均标准化）之间的关联。
MGO、GO 和 3-DG 的中位摄入量分别为 3.6、3.5 和 17mg/d。咖啡是 MGO 的主要饮食来源，而面包是 GO 和 3-DG 的主要饮食来源。在完全调整的模型中，饮食 MGO 与血浆 MGO（β：0.08；95%CI：0.02，0.13）和 SAF（β：0.12；95%CI：0.07，0.17）相关。饮食 GO 与血浆 GO（β：0.10；95%CI：0.04，0.16）相关，但与 SAF 无关。3-DG 与血浆 3-DG 或 SAF 均无显著相关性。
习惯性摄入更多的饮食 MGO 和 GO，但不是 3-DG，与相应的血浆浓度升高相关。MGO 的摄入量较高也与 SAF 升高相关。这些结果表明二羰基化合物在饮食中被吸收。需要确定 MGO 和 GO 在饮食中的吸收是否具有生物学意义。该研究已获得机构医学伦理委员会（NL31329.068.10）和荷兰卫生、福利和体育部的批准（许可 131088-105234-PG）。
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