Maluin Sofwatul Mokhtarah, Osman Khairul, Jaffar Farah Hanan Fathihah, Ibrahim Siti Fatimah
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Nilai, Malaysia.
Front Physiol. 2021 Sep 24;12:732420. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.732420. eCollection 2021.
Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from various wireless devices has increased dramatically with the advancement of technology. One of the most vulnerable organs to the RF-EMR is the testes. This is due to the fact that testicular tissues are more susceptible to oxidative stress due to a high rate of cell division and mitochondrial oxygen consumption. As a result of extensive cell proliferation, replication errors occur, resulting in DNA fragmentation in the sperm. While high oxygen consumption increases the level of oxidative phosphorylation by-products (free radicals) in the mitochondria. Furthermore, due to its inability to effectively dissipate excess heat, testes are also susceptible to thermal effects from RF-EMR exposure. As a result, people are concerned about its impact on male reproductive function. The aim of this article was to conduct a review of literature on the effects of RF-EMR emitted by wireless devices on male reproductive hormones in experimental animals and humans. According to the findings of the studies, RF-EMR emitted by mobile phones and Wi-Fi devices can cause testosterone reduction. However, the effect on gonadotrophic hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) is inconclusive. These findings were influenced by several factors, which can influence energy absorption and the biological effect of RF-EMR. The effect of RF-EMR in the majority of animal and human studies appeared to be related to the duration of mobile phone use. Thus, limiting the use of wireless devices is recommended.
随着技术的进步,来自各种无线设备的射频电磁辐射(RF-EMR)暴露急剧增加。对RF-EMR最脆弱的器官之一是睾丸。这是因为睾丸组织由于细胞分裂率高和线粒体氧消耗率高而更容易受到氧化应激的影响。由于广泛的细胞增殖,会发生复制错误,导致精子中的DNA片段化。而高氧消耗会增加线粒体中氧化磷酸化副产物(自由基)的水平。此外,由于睾丸无法有效散发热量,它也容易受到RF-EMR暴露的热效应影响。因此,人们担心其对男性生殖功能的影响。本文的目的是对关于无线设备发出的RF-EMR对实验动物和人类男性生殖激素影响的文献进行综述。根据研究结果,手机和Wi-Fi设备发出的RF-EMR可导致睾酮降低。然而,对促性腺激素(促卵泡激素和促黄体生成素)的影响尚无定论。这些发现受到几个因素的影响,这些因素会影响能量吸收和RF-EMR的生物学效应。在大多数动物和人体研究中,RF-EMR的影响似乎与手机使用时间有关。因此,建议限制无线设备的使用。
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