Outliers in Covid 19 data based on Rule representation - the analysis of LOF algorithm.

The article concerns the detection of outliers in rule-based knowledge bases containing data on Covid 19 cases. The authors move from the automatic generation of a rule-based knowledge base from source data by clustering rules in the knowledge base to optimize inference processes and to detecting unusual rules allowing for the optimal structure of rule groups. The paper presents a two-phase procedure, wherein in the first phase, we look for the optimal structure of rule clusters when there are outlier rules in the knowledge base. In the second phase, we detect outliers in the rules using the LOF (Local Outlier Factor) algorithm. Then we eliminate the unusual rules from the database and check whether the selected cluster quality measures are responded positively to the elimination of outliers, which would indicate that the rules were rightly considered outliers. The performed experiments confirmed the effectiveness of the LOF algorithm and selected cluster quality measures in the context of detecting atypical rules. The detection of such rules can support knowledge engineers or domain experts in knowledge mining to improve the completeness of the knowledge base, which is usually the basis of the decision support system.