Sánchez-Pacheco Santiago J, Torres-Carvajal Omar, Aguirre-Peñafiel Vanessa, Nunes Pedro M Sales, Verrastro Laura, Rivas Gilson A, Rodrigues Miguel T, Grant Taran, Murphy Robert W
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada.
Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, ON, M5S 2C6, Canada.
Cladistics. 2018 Jun;34(3):260-291. doi: 10.1111/cla.12203. Epub 2017 Apr 23.
Riama is the most speciose genus of the Neotropical lizard family Gymnophthalmidae. Its more than 30 montane species occur throughout the northern Andes, the Cordillera de la Costa (CC) in Venezuela, and Trinidad. We present the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Riama to date based on a total evidence (TE) approach and direct optimization of molecular and morphological evidence. Analyses use DNA sequences from four loci and 35 phenotypic characters. The dataset consists of 55 ingroup terminals representing 25 of the 30 currently recognized species of Riama plus five undescribed taxa, including an endemic species from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM) in Colombia, and 66 outgroup terminals of 47 species. Analysis results in a well-supported hypothesis in which Riama is polyphyletic, with its species falling into three clades. The Tepuian Anadia mcdiarmidi nests within one clade of Riama, and the recently resurrected Pantodactylus nests within Cercosaura. Accordingly, we propose a monophyletic taxonomy that reflects historical relationships. Analysis of character evolution indicates that the presence/absence of prefrontals-a cornerstone of the early genus-level taxonomy of cercosaurines-is optimally explained as having been plesiomorphically present in the most recent common ancestor of Cercosaurinae and lost in that of the immediately less inclusive clade. Multiple independent reversals to present and subsequent returns to absent occur within this clade. To evaluate the impact of phenotypic evidence on our results, we compare our TE results with results obtained from analyses using only molecular data. Although phenotypic evidence comprises only 1.2% of the TE matrix, its inclusion alters both the topology and support values of the clades that do not differ. Finally, current phylogenetic evidence reveals a SNSM-CC-Trinidad-tepuis biogeographical link. We hypothesize that an ancient connection facilitated the exchange of species between the SNSM and the CC.
丽眼守宫属（Riama）是新热带蜥蜴科裸眼蜥科（Gymnophthalmidae）中物种最为丰富的属。其30多种山地物种分布于整个安第斯山脉北部、委内瑞拉的科迪勒拉·德拉科斯塔（CC）以及特立尼达岛。我们基于全证据（TE）方法以及对分子和形态学证据的直接优化，呈现了迄今为止对丽眼守宫属最为全面的系统发育分析。分析使用了来自四个基因座的DNA序列和35个表型特征。数据集包括55个内群终端，代表丽眼守宫属目前已确认的30个物种中的25个以及五个未描述的分类单元，其中包括来自哥伦比亚圣玛尔塔内华达山脉（SNSM）的一个特有物种，还有47个物种的66个外群终端。分析结果得出了一个得到充分支持的假说，即丽眼守宫属是多系的，其物种分为三个分支。特普伊安柔蜥（Tepuian Anadia mcdiarmidi）嵌套在丽眼守宫属的一个分支内，而最近恢复的全趾蜥属（Pantodactylus）嵌套在丝尾蜥属（Cercosaura）内。因此，我们提出了一种反映历史关系的单系分类法。性状进化分析表明，额前骨的有无——这是丝尾蜥亚科早期属级分类的基石——最合理的解释是在丝尾蜥亚科最近的共同祖先中为近裔共性存在，而在包容性稍小的分支的共同祖先中丢失。在这个分支内发生了多次向存在的独立逆转以及随后向不存在的回归。为了评估表型证据对我们结果的影响，我们将我们的TE结果与仅使用分子数据进行分析得到的结果进行了比较。尽管表型证据仅占TE矩阵的1.2%，但其纳入改变了那些没有差异的分支的拓扑结构和支持值。最后，当前的系统发育证据揭示了圣玛尔塔内华达山脉 - 科迪勒拉·德拉科斯塔 - 特立尼达岛 - 特普伊山的生物地理联系。我们假设一个古老的联系促进了圣玛尔塔内华达山脉和科迪勒拉·德拉科斯塔之间的物种交换。
