Josipovic Zoran
Psychology Department, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
Neurosci Conscious. 2021 Oct 8;2021(2):niab031. doi: 10.1093/nc/niab031. eCollection 2021.
Consciousness is multi-dimensional but is most often portrayed with a two-dimensional (2D) map that has global levels or states on one axis and phenomenal contents on the other. On this map, awareness is conflated either with general alertness or with phenomenal content. This contributes to ongoing difficulties in the scientific understanding of consciousness. Previously, I have proposed that consciousness as such or nondual awareness-a basic non-conceptual, non-propositional awareness in itself free of subject-object fragmentation-is a unique kind that cannot be adequately specified by this 2D map of states and contents. Here, I propose an implicit-explicit gradient of nondual awareness to be added as the z-axis to the existing 2D map of consciousness. This gradient informs about the degree to which nondual awareness is manifest in any experience, independent of the specifics of global state or local content. Alternatively, within the multi-dimensional state space model of consciousness, nondual awareness can be specified by several vectors, each representing one of its properties. In the first part, I outline nondual awareness or consciousness as such in terms of its phenomenal description, its function and its neural correlates. In the second part, I explore the implicit-explicit gradient of nondual awareness and how including it as an additional axis clarifies certain features of everyday dualistic experiences and is especially relevant for understanding the unitary and nondual experiences accessed via different contemplative methods, mind-altering substances or spontaneously.
意识是多维的,但最常被用二维(2D)地图来描绘,该地图在一个轴上有全局水平或状态,在另一个轴上有现象内容。在这张地图上,觉知要么与一般警觉性混为一谈,要么与现象内容混为一谈。这导致在对意识的科学理解上持续存在困难。此前,我曾提出,意识本身或非二元觉知——一种基本的非概念性、非命题性的觉知,本身没有主客分裂——是一种独特的类型,无法通过这种状态和内容的二维地图得到充分界定。在此,我提议将非二元觉知的隐显梯度作为z轴添加到现有的意识二维地图中。这个梯度说明了非二元觉知在任何体验中显现的程度,与全局状态或局部内容的具体情况无关。或者,在意识的多维状态空间模型中,非二元觉知可以由几个向量来界定,每个向量代表其一种属性。在第一部分,我从现象描述、功能及其神经关联方面概述了非二元觉知或意识本身。在第二部分,我探讨了非二元觉知的隐显梯度,以及将其作为一个额外的轴如何阐明日常二元体验的某些特征,并且对于理解通过不同的冥想方法、改变意识的物质或自发获得的一元和非二元体验特别相关。