Cachia Arnaud, Borst Grégoire, Jardri Renaud, Raznahan Armin, Murray Graham K, Mangin Jean-François, Plaze Marion
Université de Paris, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, Paris, France.
Université de Paris, IPNP, INSERM, Paris, France.
Front Neuroanat. 2021 Sep 28;15:712862. doi: 10.3389/fnana.2021.712862. eCollection 2021.
Growing evidence supports that prenatal processes play an important role for cognitive ability in normal and clinical conditions. In this context, several neuroimaging studies searched for features in postnatal life that could serve as a proxy for earlier developmental events. A very interesting candidate is the sulcal, or sulco-gyral, patterns, macroscopic features of the cortex anatomy related to the fold topology-e.g., continuous vs. interrupted/broken fold, present vs. absent fold-or their spatial organization. Indeed, as opposed to quantitative features of the cortical sheet (e.g., thickness, surface area or curvature) taking decades to reach the levels measured in adult, the qualitative sulcal patterns are mainly determined before birth and stable across the lifespan. The sulcal patterns therefore offer a window on the fetal constraints on specific brain areas on cognitive abilities and clinical symptoms that manifest later in life. After a global review of the cerebral cortex sulcation, its mechanisms, its ontogenesis along with methodological issues on how to measure the sulcal patterns, we present a selection of studies illustrating that analysis of the sulcal patterns can provide information on prenatal dispositions to cognition (with a focus on cognitive control and academic abilities) and cognitive symptoms (with a focus on schizophrenia and bipolar disorders). Finally, perspectives of sulcal studies are discussed.
越来越多的证据表明，产前过程在正常和临床情况下对认知能力起着重要作用。在这种背景下，一些神经影像学研究寻找出生后生活中可以作为早期发育事件替代指标的特征。一个非常有趣的候选指标是脑沟或脑沟回模式，即与褶皱拓扑结构相关的皮质解剖学宏观特征，例如连续褶皱与间断/破碎褶皱、存在褶皱与不存在褶皱，或者它们的空间组织。事实上，与皮质层的定量特征（如厚度、表面积或曲率）需要数十年才能达到成人测量水平不同，定性的脑沟模式主要在出生前就已确定，并且在整个生命周期中保持稳定。因此，脑沟模式为胎儿对特定脑区认知能力和后期出现的临床症状的限制提供了一个窗口。在对大脑皮质沟回、其机制、其个体发生以及如何测量脑沟模式的方法学问题进行全面综述之后，我们展示了一系列研究，这些研究表明脑沟模式分析可以提供有关认知产前倾向（重点是认知控制和学业能力）和认知症状（重点是精神分裂症和双相情感障碍）的信息。最后，讨论了脑沟研究的前景。
