Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 23, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment, Stahnsdorfer Damm 81, 14532, Kleinmachnow, Germany.
Theor Appl Genet. 2021 Dec;134(12):3805-3827. doi: 10.1007/s00122-021-03929-5. Epub 2021 Oct 15.
Considerable breeding progress in cereal and disease resistances, but not in stem stability was found. Ageing effects decreased yield and increased disease susceptibility indicating that new varieties are constantly needed. Plant breeding and improved crop management generated considerable progress in cereal performance over the last decades. Climate change, as well as the political and social demand for more environmentally friendly production, require ongoing breeding progress. This study quantified long-term trends for breeding progress and ageing effects of yield, yield-related traits, and disease resistance traits from German variety trials for five cereal crops with a broad spectrum of genotypes. The varieties were grown over a wide range of environmental conditions during 1988-2019 under two intensity levels, without (I1) and with (I2) fungicides and growth regulators. Breeding progress regarding yield increase was the highest in winter barley followed by winter rye hybrid and the lowest in winter rye population varieties. Yield gaps between I2 and I1 widened for barleys, while they shrank for the other crops. A notable decrease in stem stability became apparent in I1 in most crops, while for diseases generally a decrasing susceptibility was found, especially for mildew, brown rust, scald, and dwarf leaf rust. The reduction in disease susceptibility in I2 (treated) was considerably higher than in I1. Our results revealed that yield performance and disease resistance of varieties were subject to considerable ageing effects, reducing yield and increasing disease susceptibility. Nevertheless, we quantified notable achievements in breeding progress for most disease resistances. This study indicated an urgent and continues need for new improved varieties, not only to combat ageing effects and generate higher yield potential, but also to offset future reduction in plant protection intensity.
在谷物和抗病性方面取得了相当大的繁殖进展，但在茎稳定性方面却没有取得进展。老化效应降低了产量并增加了疾病易感性，这表明需要不断推出新的品种。在过去几十年中，通过植物育种和改良作物管理，谷物的表现取得了相当大的进展。气候变化以及对更环保生产的政治和社会需求，要求不断取得繁殖进展。本研究通过德国五种谷物品种试验量化了长期的繁殖进展趋势和老化效应，这些品种试验涵盖了广泛的基因型，涉及产量、产量相关性状和抗病性性状。这些品种在 1988-2019 年期间，在两个强度水平下（I1 无杀菌剂和生长调节剂，I2 有杀菌剂和生长调节剂），在广泛的环境条件下进行了种植。在冬季大麦方面，关于产量增加的繁殖进展最高，其次是冬黑麦杂交种，在冬黑麦群体品种方面最低。在大麦方面，I2 和 I1 之间的产量差距扩大了，而在其他作物方面，差距缩小了。在大多数作物中，I1 中茎稳定性的显著下降变得明显，而对于疾病，通常发现易感性降低，特别是对于白粉病、褐锈病、穗枯病和矮化叶锈病。在 I2（处理）中，疾病易感性的降低幅度明显高于 I1。我们的研究结果表明，品种的产量性能和抗病性受到相当大的老化效应的影响，降低了产量并增加了疾病易感性。尽管如此，我们在大多数抗病性方面都量化了繁殖进展的显著成就。本研究表明，不仅需要新的改良品种来应对老化效应并提高产量潜力，而且需要降低植物保护强度来抵消未来的降低。
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