Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
Department of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Feb 10;807(Pt 2):150795. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150795. Epub 2021 Oct 12.
This study investigated the health risk assessment of total chromium (Cr) in qanats of South Khorasan, Eastern Iran. For this, concentration of Cr in a total of 83 qanats were measured in summer 2020. Samples were initially tested in the field for temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS). In the lab, collected samples were filtered and fixed with nitric acid (HNO) for the detection of Cr using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Hazard quotient (HQ) and carcinogenic risk assessments were considered to evaluate the risks of Cr to inhabitants. Results showed that concentration of Cr ranged from 1.79 to 1017.05 μg L, and a total of 25 stations illuminated Cr concentrations above the WHO standards (50 μg L). HQ demonstrated HQ < 1 for 90.37% of studied samples with negligible hazard, whereas 9.63% of stations illuminated HQ ≥ 1 meaning the presence of non-carcinogenic risk for water consumers. Carcinogenic risk (CR) exhibited CR > 1.00E-04 in 81.93% of qanats while 18.07% of stations had 1.00E-06 < CR < 1.00E-04 meaning no acceptable and acceptable CR for the studied qanats, respectively. Zoning map displayed that qanats in the south of South Khorasan possessed the highest HQ, but north regions showed the lowest ones. Together, Cr in qanats of South Khorasan is above the WHO limit, which results in a high risk of carcinogenicity for residents, and in turn, more efforts should be made to provide hygienic groundwater for consumers.
本研究调查了伊朗东部南呼罗珊省坎儿井中总铬（Cr）的健康风险评估。为此，于 2020 年夏季测量了总共 83 口坎儿井中 Cr 的浓度。样品在现场首先测试温度、pH 值、溶解氧（DO）、电导率（EC）和总溶解固体（TDS）。在实验室中，收集的样品经过过滤并用硝酸（HNO3）固定，然后使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）检测 Cr 的浓度。危害商数（HQ）和致癌风险评估用于评估 Cr 对居民的风险。结果表明，Cr 的浓度范围为 1.79 至 1017.05μg/L，总共有 25 个站点的 Cr 浓度超过了世界卫生组织（WHO）标准（50μg/L）。90.37%的研究样本的 HQ 小于 1，表明危害可忽略不计，而 9.63%的站点的 HQ 大于等于 1，这意味着水消费者存在非致癌风险。致癌风险（CR）在 81.93%的坎儿井中表现为 CR>1.00E-04，而 18.07%的站点具有 1.00E-06<CR<1.00E-04，这意味着研究中的坎儿井分别存在不可接受和可接受的 CR。分区图显示，南呼罗珊省南部的坎儿井具有最高的 HQ，但北部地区的 HQ 最低。总的来说，南呼罗珊省坎儿井中的 Cr 超过了世界卫生组织的限值，这对居民的致癌风险较高，因此应该为消费者提供更卫生的地下水。
